Exam (elaborations)
ARCH 249 - Glowacki Exam 1 - TAMU Spring Questions & answers
- Course
- Institution
ARCH 249 - Glowacki Exam 1 - TAMU Spring Questions & answers
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
EXAMQA
Reviews received
Content preview
ARCH 249 - Glowacki Exam 1 - TAMUSpring
Paleolithic Period - ANS-(Old Stone Age) ca. +100,000 - 9000 BCE
• hunter-gatherer societies (first societies)
• small family groups & clans
• seasonal habitation (huts, tents, caves)
Neolithic Period - ANS-(New Stone Age) ca. 9000-3000 BCE
• agriculture
• domestication of animals
• settled village life
Mudbrick - ANS-sun-dried mud-brick (adobe)
Non-weather resistant common building material
Intramural Burial - ANS-graves within a settlement, ie, under the floors of houses.
Megalithic - ANS-Prehistoric architecture made from large stones or boulders
Corbeling - ANS-When rocks are brought in closer together to form an arch or "tower"
until the top can be closed off using a capstone. This is formed without mortar and is
made in layers (each being slightly further inward than the previous layer)
Post-and-lintel - ANS-Style of construction where one horizontal member, lintel, is
supported by two vertical members, posts.
mortise-and-tenon - ANS-where a small piece sticks out of a building material and fits
into a hole in another building piece. Tenon sticks out, and fits into mortise.
Mammoth-bone houses; Mezhyrich,Ukraine; c. 16,000 - 10,000 BCE (paleolithic period)
- ANS-- settlement of 10 houses
-bones, pine poles, animal hides, hearth, floors colored with ochre (red, brown, yellow
mineral that can be used as paint)
Lascaux Cave; Dordogne, France; 15,000 BCE (paleolithic period) - ANS--"Hall of the
Bulls" has ceiling painted with images of oxen/bulls
,-paintings were part of a system, NOT at the mouth of the cave, they were deep in the
cave system.
-Could depict the hunts, but there isn't evidence of the animals in the caves, meaning
they probably didn't eat them.
-May be ritualistic; possibly worshiped these animals
Göbekli Tepe; southeast Turkey; c. 9100-8100 BCE (neolithic period) - ANS-- Layer III
(9000 - 8100 BCE)
-circular rubber enclosures
- T-shaped limestone pillars
- benches
-represents investment of time, energy, and resources by
a community to create large-scale (monumental) architecture
-stones are carved with figures of animals (shallow relief)
-interpretation: ceremonial??? ("world's first temples?")
-no evidence of agriculture here yet
-permanent settlement, complete village
multilayered (tell) possible ceremonial enclosures
-circular enclosures, sometimes very wide
pillars were possibly supports, buttresses
multilayered structure, new structures built over old ones (info gathered from layer 3)
-it was a full civilization - with residences and gathering places the circular rubble
enclosures may have been the first temples/ceremonial enclosures
Jericho, Israel; ca. 8000 BCE (neolithic period) - ANS--natural spring
-settlement is enclosed by a wall (fortified)
-ca. 6-10 acres
-population >= 2000 people
-wall made of stone: 5027 ft. thick and 13 ft. tall
-ditch cut into the rock
-tower: 28 ft. in diameter and 26 ft. tall
-Houses:
*earliest (PPNA) = circle
*later (PPNB) = rectangular
•stone foundation levels
•sun-dried brick (mudbrick or adobe)
•lime- or gypsum-plaster walls and floors
•plaster was painted or stained red and
burnished to a smooth and shiny finish
•intramural burials (ancestor worship?)
,PPNA House (Jericho) - ANS-
PPNB House (Jericho) - ANS-
Çatal Hüyük, Turkey; c. 6500-5700 BCE (neolithic period) - ANS-- sun-dried brick
(mudbrick)(adobe) walls
•has to be kept protected from the elements by
plaster (so it doesn't melt)
- stone socle (foundation)
-Single story houses with two rooms
-No doorways, entrance through roof
-roof--->timber beams topped with small brances and clay, and is mostly flat but has
slight incline for rain run-off
-had woven mats b/c we saw the impression of them on the earthen floors
-walls coated with plaster & were painted
•very schematic style of art; bows & arrows
w/ deer might represent a hunting scene;
bulls that are very large & have horns are
very common and sometimes there were real
bull horns in the house (religious
ceremony???)
•"map" depicting town & volcanic eruption?
c. 6150 BCE Hasan Dag Volcano was
probably an active volcano in that time
-Bull = masculine potency and fertility
-Women who are large & breasts specified by the sculpture found @ Catal Huyuk
•One has two animals @ the seat of the chair
•Breasts = fertility
•Big Belly = have enough food/nutrition to be
fat
-Has burials beneath the floors; sometimes they go back into the grave, take a skull,
plaster & paint it, and then display it in the house
Newgrange Passage Grave, Ireland; c. 3100 BCE (neolithic period) - ANS-- "Passage
grave" = tomb for small # of people
-surrounding perimeter of stone around the mound
-entrance chamber comes to a cross-shaped central hall w/ a backroom; "Burial
Chamber"
-megalithic architecture
, -at the entrance there is post & lintel architecture where weight of the stone goes down
onto the post stones; Window/Transom acts as a relieving space in order to distribute
the weight of the structure
-at the central hall, they raised up the ceiling using corbeling with a capstone. Then they
put weight on top until these stone are locked in position
-Evidence of Decoration with spiral symbols
•how do we interpret spirals - maybe a maze,
waves, or a journey?
- On the winter solstice, the sun shines through the transom all the way to the back wall
(special orientation)
-investment of resources & effort; monumentality; architectural sophistication; special
orientation; symbolism
Stonehenge; Salisbury Plain, England; c. 2900 - 1400 BCE (neolithic period) -
ANS--Built in sever phases
Phase 1)
*circular mound w/ ditch (***DEMARCATION***)
*56 "Aubrey" Holes
*Possible bluestones
*Cremation Burials
Phase 2)
*timber posts
*cremation burials
Phase 3)
*Bluestones from Wales (150 miles away)
*Station Stones
*Altar Stones
*Heelstone; sun rises and shines over this
stone to create the axis
Phase 4)
*Sarsen Stones
*Circle
*"Horseshoe"
*reused the bluestones
Phase 5)
*Later refinements
-Lined up w/ the solistices (Heelstone sun-rise thing)
-stones weighing up to 45 tonnes
-stonehenge may be associated with the dead (cremation burials)
-mortise & tenon construction (post & lintel)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller EXAMQA. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77858 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now