Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6) Questions With Complete Solutions.

Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6) Questions With Complete Solutions. Microbiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.The lspecialized larea lof lbiology lthat ldeals lwith lorganisms ltoo lsmall lto lbe lseen lwith lthe lnaked leye 6 lmajor lgroups lof lmicroorganisms l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.1. lBacteria l 2. lAlgae 3. lProtozoa 4. lHelminths 5. lFungi 6. lViruses What ldo lmicrobiologists lstudy? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lCell lstructure - lGrowth land lPhysiology l - lGenetics - lTaxonomy land levolutionary lhistory - lInteractions lwith lliving land lnon lliving lenvironment What lare lthe l6 ldifferent lbranches lof lstudy lin lmicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.1. lMedical lmicrobiology l 2. lPublic lHealth lmicrobiology land lEpidemiology l 3. lImmunology l 4. lIndustrial lMicrobiology l 5. lAgricultural lMicrobiology l 6. lEnvironmental lMicrobiology Medical lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Study lof lmicrobes las lthey lrelate lto lmedicine, ldeals lwith lmicrobes lthat lcauses ldisease lin lhumans land lanimals Public lHealth lMicrobiology land lEpidemiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Monitor land lcontrol lthe lspread lof ldisease lin lcommunities. lUSPHS, lCDC, lWHO Industrial lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lUse lof lmicrobes lto lmanufacture limportant lcompounds - lSafeguards lour lfood land lwater - lAlso lincludes lbiotechnology - lRanges lfrom lbread lmaking lto lgene ltherapy - lMicrobes lcan lbe lused lto lcreate llarge lquantities lof lsubstances lsuch las lamino lacids, lbeer, ldrugs, lenzymes, land lvitamins Agricultural lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lDeals lwith lthe lrelationships lbetween lmicrobes land ldomesticated lplants land lanimals - lPlant lspecialists lfocus lon lplant ldiseases, lsoil lfertility, land lnutritional linteractions - lAnimal lspecialists lwork lwith linfectious ldiseases land lother lassociations lanimals lhave lwith lmicroorganisms Immunology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Studies la ldiverse lareas lsuch las lvaccination, lblood ltesting, land lallergy. lImmunologists linvestigate lthe lrole lof lthe limmune lsystem lin lcancer land lautoimmune ldiseases Environmental lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Studies lthe leffect lof lmicrobes lon lthe learth's ldiverse lhabitats. l Example- laquatic lmicrobiology, lsoil lmicrobiology, lgeomicrobiology, land lastrobiology eu-kary lmeans? l- l l l lcorrect lnucleus; lcells lwith la lnucleus lare lclassified las leukaryotes Pro-kary lmeans? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Pre-nucleus; lbacteria land larchaea ldo lnot lhave la lnucleus land lhave lbeen ltraditionally lclassified las lprokaryotes What lis la lmicrobe? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.A lmicroorganism How lare lbiology land lmicrobiology ldifferent? lHow lare lthey lsimilar? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Biology lis lconcerned lwith lall lthe ldifferent lscales lof lsize lthat lmicroorganisms lexist lon, lbut lmany lfields lon lbiology lare lconcerned lwith lmore lcomplex lorganisms lsuch las lmammals. lMicrobiology lis lconcerned lspecifically lwith lsmaller, lindividual lorganisms. lMicrobiologists lmight lbe lconcerned lwith lsomething las lbig las la lbacteria, land lthey ldo lstudy lsystems, lsuch las lthe limmune lsystem, lbut lgenerally lthey lfocus lon lsmaller lindividual lorganisms. lThey lare lsimilar lbecause lthey lboth lstudy lorganisms, ljust lon ldifferent lscales. Bacteria l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lUnicellular lmicroorganisms l - lSome lcause lhuman, lanimal, lor lplant ldiseases; lothers lare lbeneficial. - lProkaryotic Algae l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lUnicellular lmicroorganisms l - lProkaryotic - lFood lor lwater lborne - lReproduce lAsexually - lPhotosythetic Protozoa l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lUnicellular - lEukaryotic - lLive lindependently lor las lparasites - lMostly lfound lin lsoil lor lwater Helminths l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lMulticellular l - lEukaryotic l - lWorms Fungi/Yeast l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lEukaryotic - lMulticellular - lProtists lcharacterized lby lthe labsence lof lchlorophyll land lby lthe lpresence lof la lrigid lcell lwall Medical lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lDeals lwith ldiseases lof lhumans land lanimals - lStudy lthe lway lmicroorganisms lcause ldisease l - lExample: lA lMicrobiologist lat lthe lCDC lmay lexamine la lculture lof lthe linfluenza lvirus lin lorder lto lunderstand lwhy lis lis lso lharmful Public lHealth lMicrobiology l& lEpidemiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lMonitor land lcontrol lthe lspread lof ldiseases lin lcommunities l - lCDC, lUSPHS, l& lWHO - lExample: lEpidemiologists lconduct linterviews las la lpart lof lthe leffort lto lcurb lthe lcholera lepidemic lin lHaiti Immunology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lStudies lthe lweb lof lprotective lsubstances land lcells lproduced lin lresponse lto linfection - lVaccination, lblood ltesting, land lallergy - lImmunologists linvestigate lthe lrole lof lthe limmune lsystem lin lcancer land lautoimmune ldiseases - lExample: lImmunologists lfreeze ldry lsamples lof linfectious ldiseases Industrial lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lBranch lof lmicrobiology lin lwhich lmicrobes lare lmanipulated lto lmanufacture luseful lproducts - lRanges lfrom lbread lmaking lto lgene ltherapy l - lSafeguards lour lfood land lwater l - lMicrobes lcan lbe lused lto lcreate llarge lquantities lof lsubstances lsuch las lamino lacids, lberm ldrugs, lenzymes land lvitamins - lExample: lScientists luse la lmultispectural limaging lsystems lfor linspection lof lchickens lto lbe lmanufactured Agricultural lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lConcerned lwith lthe lrelationship lbetween lmicrobes land ldomesticated lplants land lanimals - lPlant lspecialists lfocus lon lplant ldiseases, lsoil lfertility, land lnutritional linteractions l - lAnimal lspecialists lfocus lon linfectious ldiseases land lother lassociations lanimals lhave lwith lmicroorganisms Environmental lMicrobiology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lStudies lthe leffect lof lmicrobes lon lthe lEarth's ldiverse lhabitats - l4 lTypes: lAquatic, lSoil, lGeo, land lAstro - lStudies lmicrobes lin lthe learths lsurface lwater, lsoil, lcrust, land lplaces loff lof lour lplanet What ltype lof lcells loriginated lfirst lon lplanet lEarth? lWhat ltype lof lcells levolved lnext? lWhat ltype lof lorganism levolved llast? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Prokaryotic lcells loriginated lfist, lfollowed lby lEukaryotic lcells, land llastly lviruses Photosynthesis l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Light-fueled lconversion lof lcarbon ldioxide lto lorganic lmaterial, laccompanied lby lthe lformation lof loxygen What lkind lof lorganisms lcan lproceed lwith lphotosynthesis? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Bacteria land lAlgae What lis ldecomposition? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Breakdown lof ldead lmatter land lwastes linto lsimple lcompounds lthat lcan lbe lrecycled What ltype lof lorganisms lcan lproceed lwith ldecomposition? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Bacteria land lFungi Genetic lEngineering l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Manipulates lthe lgenetics lof lmicrobes, lplants, land lanimals lfor lthe lpurpose lof lcreating lnew lproducts land lgenetically lmodified lorganisms l(GMOs) Recombinant lDNA lTechnology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Techniques lthat lallow lthe ltransfer lof lgenetic lmaterial lfrom lone lorganism lto lanother land ldeliberately lalter lDNA Bioremediation l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Introduction lof lmicrobes linto lthe lenvironment lto lrestore lstability lor lto lclean lup ltoxic lpollutants Biotechnology l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Manipulation lof lmicroorganisms lto lmake lproducts lin lan lindustrial lsetting What lis lthe ldifference lbetween la lpathogen land la lmicrobe? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.A lpathogen lis la lmicroorganism lthat lhas lthe lpotential lto lcause ldisease, lbut lmicrobes lare lnot lalways lpathogens True lor lFace: lAll lmicrobes lare lpathogenic l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.False, lfew lmicrobes lare lpathogens What lare lthe ltop lcauses lof linfectious ldisease ldeaths lin lthe lU.S lversus lworldwide? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.In lthe lU.S: lInfluenza land lpneumonia Worldwide: lHIV/AIDS land lDiarrheal ldiseases Bacteria land lArchaea lconsist lof lwhat ltype lof lcells? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Prokaryotic Helminths, lfungi, lProtozoa, land lalgae lconsist lof lof lwhat ltype lof lcells? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Eukaryotic What lus la ltiny linfectious lparticle lthat lrequires la lhost lcell? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Virus What ltype lof lcell lcontains lmembrane lbound lorganelles land la lnucleus? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Eukaryotic What ltype lof lcell ldoes lnot lhave lhave lmembrane lbound lorganelles lnor la lnucleus? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Prokaryotic What ltype lof lmicrobe lis lnot la lcell? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Virus What lis lRobert lHooke lresponsible lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.The lfirst lobservations lof lmicrobes What lis lAntoine lvan lLeeuwenhoek lresponsible lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Invention lof lthe lmicroscope Describe lthe lmost lrecent lscientific ldiscoveries lthat lhave lmade lan limpact lin lthe lfield lof lmicrobiology. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.1970s: lDiscovery lof lrestriction lenzymes 1980s: lInventions lof lthe lPCR ltechnique 2000s: lImportance lof lsmall lRNAs 2010s: lRole lof lthe lhuman lmicrobiome What lis lJohn lTyndall lresponsible lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Found lthat lmicrobes lin lthe ldust land lair lhave lhigh lheat lresistance What lis lFerdinand lCohn lresponsible lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lDiscovered land ldescribed lbacterial lendospores l - lDiscovered lSterile, lwhich lis lcompletely lfree lof lall llife lforms lincluding lendospores land lvirus lparticles What lare lIgnaz lSemmelweis, lDr. lOliver lWendell lHomes, land lJoseph lLister lknown lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Dr. lOliver lWendell lHolmes land lDr. lIgnaz lSemmelweis l- lDevelopment lof lAseptic ltechniques. lShowed lthat lwomen lbecame linfected lin lthe lmaternity lward lafter lexaminations ldone lby lphysicians lwho lhad lbeen lworking lin lthe lautopsy lrooms. Joseph lLister l- lFirst lto lintroduce laseptic ltechnique land lutilize lhand lwashing land lmisting loperating lrooms lwith lantimicrobial lchemicals. lThese ltechniques lare lstill lused ltoday What lare lLuis lPasteur land lRobert lKoch lresponsible lfor lin lMicrobiology? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Luis lPasteur l- lContributed lto lthe lmicrobial lfermentation lrole lin lwine land lbeer lproduction, linvented lpasteurization, lshowed lthat lhuman ldiseases lcould larise lfrom linfection Robert lKoch l- lEstablished lKoch's lpostulates, la lseries lof lproofs lthat lverified lthe lgerm ltheory lof ldisease, llinked la lspecific lmicroorganism lwith la lspecific ldisease l(Anthrax- lBacillus lanthracis). lAlso ldeveloped lnumerous llab ltechniques What lis lspontaneous lgeneration? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.The ltheory lthat llife lappears lfrom lnonliving lthings Who lis lresponsible lfor ldisproving lspontaneous lgeneration? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Luis lPasteur Who lverified lthe lgerm ltheory? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Robert lKoch Describe lthe lsteps lin lorder lfor lthe lScientific lMethod l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.1. lMake lan lobservation l- lthrough lexperience, lthoughts, lor lreading l 2. lConduct lbackground lresearch l- llearn lmore labout lwhat lyou lhave lobserved Make la lhypothesis l- lform la lquestion lto lbe ltested land lanswered l 3. lExperiment l- lTest lthe lquestion lwith lan lexperiment l 4. lObserve loutcome l- lObserve lwhat lis lseen lfrom lthe lexperiment l 5. lAnalyze ldata land ldraw lconclusions l- lExplain lwhat lwas lseen land lwhether lor lnot lthe lhypothesis lwas lcorrrect 6. lDevelop la ltheory lbacked lby lresearch What lis la ltheory? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.A lwell ltested lexplanation lthat lunifies la lbroad lrange lof lobservations What lis lthe lfield lof ltaxonomy? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Science lof lclassifying lliving lthings Nomenclature l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Assignment lof lscientific lnames lto lthe lvarious ltaxonomic lcategories land lindividual lorganisms Classification l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Attempts lthe lorderly larrangement lof lorganisms linto la lhierarchy lof ltaxa l(categories) Identification l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Process lof ldiscovering land lrecording lthe ltraits lof lorganisms lso lthey lcan lbe lrecognized land lplaced lin la ltaxonomic lscheme What lare lthe l8 llevels lof lclassification lfrom lgeneral lto lspecific? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family l Genus Species How ldo lyou lwrite lby la lhand lthe lproper lscientific lnomenclature lfor lStaphylococcus laureus, lProteus lvulgaris, lEscherichia lColi, land lSteptococcus lpyogenes? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Capitalize lthe lfirst lletter lof lthe lfirst lword, llower lcase lsecond lword, lthen lunderline lboth lwords What lare lthe lCausative lOrganisms lfor lthe lfollowing ldiseases? lMalaria, lAmoebic ldysentery, lHIV/AIDS, lSchistosomiasis, lAnthrax, lRed ltide, lYellow lfever, lCat-scratch ldisease, lHepatitis, lCholera, lMeningitis, lTyphoid lfever, lChagas' ldisease, lTrichomoniasis, lTuberculosis, lToxoplasmosis, lLyme ldisease, lLeptospirosis, lSARS, lRotavirus, lOnchocerciasis, lPertussis, lAfrican lSleeping lSickness, lLeishmaniasis, lGonorrhea, l& lRingworm l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Malaria l- lProtozoa Amoebic ldysentery l- lBacteria HIV/AIDS l- lVirus Schistosomiasis l- lHelminth Anthrax l- lBacteria l Red ltide l- lAlgae Yellow lfever l- lVirus Catch-scratch ldisease l- lBacteria Hepatitis l- lVirus Cholera l- lBacteria Meningitis l- lBacteria land lVirus Typhoid lfever l- lBacteria Chagas' ldisease l- lProtozoa Trichomoniasis l- lProtozoa Tuberculosis l- lBacteria Lyme ldisease l- lBacteria Leptospirosis l- lBacteria SARS l- lVirus Rotavirus l- lVirus Onchocerciasis l- lHelminth Pertussis l- lBacteria l African lSleeping lSickness l- lProtozoa Measles l- lVirus Leishmaniasis l- lProtozoa Gonorrhea l- lBacteria Ringworm l- lFungus The laccumulation lof lchanges lthat loccurs lin lorganisms las lthey ladapt lto ltheir lenvironments l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Evolution Consist lof lprokaryotic lcells land lStaphylococcus laureus land lEscherichia lColi lare lexamples lof lthis lorganism l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Bacteria What ltype lof lmicrobe lis lclassified las la ltiny linfectious lparticle? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Virus List lthe ltaxonomic lcategories lin lorder lfrom lgeneral lto lspecific l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lDomain - lKingdom l - lPhylum l - lClass - lOrder l - lFamily l - lGenus l - lSpecies The lpurposeful laddition lof la lspecimen linto/onto lculture lmedium l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Inoculation A lmicroscopic lcluster lof lcells lthat loriginated lfrom la lsingle lcell l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Colony What ltype lof lmedium lallows lmultiple ltypes lof lmicrobes lto lgrow lbut lis ldesigned lto lshow lvisible lcolor ldifferences lamong lthose lorganisms? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Differential What ltype lof lmicroscope luses lvisible llight land lproduces lwell-defined, lthree-dimensional limages? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Compound lmicroscope What ltype lof ldyes lare lused lin lpositive lstaining land lare lattracted ltop lthe lnegatively lcharged lcell? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Basic Name lseveral lspecimens lthat lcan lbe lcollected lfor lculturing lmicroorganisms, lthen lname lthe lfive lI's lin lorder. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Nearly lany lobject lor lmaterial lcan lbe lcollected lfor lculturing lmicroorganisms, lcommon lones lare lbody lfluids land ltissues, lfoods, lwater, lor lsoil. l Five lI's: - lInoculation - lIncubation - lIsolation l - lInspection - lIdentification Inoculation l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lSample lis lplaced linto la lcontainer lof lsterile lmedium - lCultivation lof lmicroorganisms l - lInvolves lspreading lthe lsample lon lthe lsurface lof la lsolid lmedium lor lintroducing lthe lsample linto la lflask lor ltube Incubation l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lAn lincubator lcreates lthe lproper lgrowth ltemperature land lother lconditions l - lPromotes lmultiplication lof lthe lmicrobes lover la lperiod lof lhours, ldays, land leven lweeks. l - lProduces la lculture l- lthe lvisible lgrowth lof lthe lmicrobe lin lor lon lthe lmedium Isolation l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Microbes lmay ltake lthe lform lof lseparate lcolonies lon lsolid lmedia, lor lturbidity lin lbroths. lSingle lspecies lof lmicrobe Inspection l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lThe lcolonies lor lbroth lcultures lare lobserved lmicroscopically lfor lgrowth lcharacteristics l(color, ltexture, lsize) lthat lcould lbe lused lin lanalyzing lthe lspecimen lcontents Identification l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lMicrobial lprofiles lare ldetermined ly lphenotype ltesting, lgenotype ltesting, lmacroscopic land lmicroscopic lanalysis What lis lmedia land lhow lis lculture lmedium lused lin la lMicrobiology llab? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lMedia lis ldesigned lfor lgrowth lof lspecimens l - lCulture lmedium lencourages lthe lgrowth, lsupport land lsurvival lof lmicroorganisms Describe lthe l3 lphysical lstates lof lmedia land lthe lpurpose lof leach l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lLiquid: lfound lin ltest ltubes, ltermed lbroths, lmilks, linfusions - lSemi-solid: lclot llike, lfound lin ltest ltubes, ldetermines lmotility lof lbacteria - lSolid: lprovide la lfirm lsurface lon lwhich lcells lcan lform ldiscrete lcolonies What lare lthe lcharacteristics lof lagar? lHow lis lagar lused lin la lMicrobiology llab? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lextracted lfrom lred lmarine lalgae land lsolid lat lroom ltemperature land lliquifies lat l100 ldegrees lCelsius l - lused lto lform la lclot llike lconsistencies lin ltest ltubes land lPetri ldishes, lused las la lsolidifying lagent What lis lthe ldifference lbetween lsynthetic land lnon lsynthetic lmedia? lName land lexample lof leach l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Synthetic l(defined) lmedia lhas lchemical lcompositions lwhich lare lprecisely lchemically ldefined. lThey lmay lcontain lat lleast lone lcomponent lthat lis lnot lchemically ldefinable, lcontains lextracts lof lanimals, land lmay lcontain lground-up lcells, ltissues, lor lsecretions. lNon What lare lthe ldifferences lbetween lgeneral lpurpose, lenriched, lselective, land ldifferential lmedia? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lGeneral lpurpose lmedia lgroups la lbroad lspectrum lof lbacteria land lsupport la lwide lvariety lof lmicrobial llife. l - lEnriched lmedia lcontains lcomplex lorganic lsubstances lthat lfastidious lbacteria lrequire lfor lgrowth land lcontain lgrowth lfactors lsuch las lspecific lvitamins lor lamino lacids - lSelective lmedia lallows lonly lone ltype lof lorganism lto lgrow - lDifferential lmedia lallows lmultiple ltypes lof lorganisms lto lgrow, lbut lshows ldifferent lreactions l(ex. lChange lof lcolor) Can la lmedium lbe lclassified las lboth lselective land ldifferential? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Yes, lsome lmedia lcan lbe lboth lselective land ldifferential Reducing lmedium l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Grows lanaerobic lbacteria What lis lthe ldifference lbetween la lcell land la lcolony? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lA lcell lus la lunit lof la lcolony - lA lcolony lhas lmillions lof lcells l - lA lcolony lcan lbe leven lby lthe lnaked leye, lbut la lcell lneeds la lmicroscope Is la lcell lconsidered lto lbe lmicroscopic lor lmacroscopic? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Microscopic Is la lcolony lconsidered lto lbe lmicroscopic lor lmacroscopic? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Macroscopic Transport lmedia l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Maintains land lpreserves lspecimens Assay lmedia l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Used lto ltest lthe leffectiveness lof lantimicrobial ldrugs Enumeration lmedia l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Used lin lindustrial land lenvironmental lmicrobiology Carbohydrate lfermentation lmedia l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Contains lsugars land lpH lindicators lto lshow lfermentation Describe lthe l3 ldifferent lmethods lof lisolating lbacteria. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lStreak lplate: la lsmall ldroplet lof lculture lor lsample lis lspread lover lthe lsurface lof lthe lmedium lwith lan linoculating lloop lin la lpattern lthat lgradually lthins lout lthe lsample land lseparates lthe lcells lspatially lover lseveral lsections lof lthe lplate - lLoop ldilution: lthe lsample lis linoculated lserially linto la lseries lof lcooled lbut lsill lliquid lagar ltubes lso las lto ldilute lthe lnumber lof lcells lin leach lsuccessive ltube lin lthe lseries. - lSpread lplate: la lsmall lvolume lof lliquid, ldiluted lsample lis lpipetted lonto lthe lsurface lof lthe lmedium land lspread levenly lby la lsterile lspreading ltool Mixed lculture l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Two lor lmore lspecies lof lbacteria Pure lculture l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Only lone lspecies lof lbacteria Contaminated lCulture l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Contains lcontaminants lor lintruders What lis la lsubculture lused lfor? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.It lis lused lto lmake la lsecond-level lculture lfrom la lwell-isolated lcolony A lstandard lmethod lfor lmaking la lpure lculture How lare lbiochemical ltests, lgenotypic ltests, land limmunologic ltests lused lin linspection land lidentification lof lcultures? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lBiochemical ltests lcan ldetermine lfundamental lchemical lcharacteristics lsuch las: lNutrient lrequirements, lproducts lgiven loff lduring lgrowth, lpresence lof lenzymes, l& lmechanisms lfor lderiving lenergy - lGenotypic ltesting ldetects lMicrobes lbased lon ltheir lDNA - lImmunologic ltesting ltests lthe lisolate lagainst lknown lantibodies Where lare lcultures ldisposed lof lafter lyou lare ldone lwith lthem? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Stream lsterilization l(autoclaving) lor lincineration lare lused lto ldestroy lmicroorganisms A lmicroscope lhas la ltotal lmagnification lof l850x lwhen lusing lthe loil limmersion lobjective llens. lWhat lis lthe lpower lof lthe locular llens? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.8500 Magnification l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Total lmagnification l= lpower lof locular llens lx lpower lof lobjective llens Resolution l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Distinguishes lor lseparates ltwo ladjacent lobjects lor lpoints lfrom lone lanother Contrast l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Degree lof lcontrast lfrom lthe lsurroundings. lIris ldiaphragm lcontrols lthe lamount lof llight lentering lthe lcondenser What lis lthe ldifference lbetween lusing lthe lvirtual land lreal limage lwhen lusing la lmicroscope? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.The lobjective llens lforms lthe linitial limage lof lthe lspecimen lwhich lis lthe lreal limage. lThe lvirtual limage loccurs lwhen lthe linitial limage lis lprojected lup lthrough lthe lmicroscope lbody lto lthe lplane lof lthe leyepiece lto lthe locular llens How ldoes lwavelength laffect lresolution? lWhy ldo lyou lneed lto luse loil lwhen lusing lthe loil limmersion llens? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Longer lwavelengths lof llight loffer lless lresolution lthan lshort lwavelengths. lOil lprevents lthe lscattering lof llight lrays land lincreases lthe lnumerical laperture land lresolution Name lthe lmicroscopes lthat luse lvisible llight lfor lillumination l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Bright-field, lDark-field, lPhase lcontrast, land lDifferential linterference lmicroscopes luse lvisible llight Name lthe lmicroscopes lthat luse lUV lrays lfor lillumination l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Fluorescence land lConfocal lmicroscopes What lis lthe ldifference lbetween la llight land lelectron lmicroscope? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.An lelectron lmicroscope luses lbeams lof lelectrons linstead lof lrays lof lvisible llights llike llight lmicroscopes ldo What ltype lof lmicroscope lhas lthe lgreatest ltotal lmagnification? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Scanning ltunneling lmicroscope l( l100,000,000x) When lwould la lphase lcontrast, ldifferential linterference, lor lconfocal lmicroscope lbe luseful lin la lmicrobiology llab? lName land ldescribe lthe lmicroscope lwe luse lin la lmicrobiology llab. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Phase lcontrast: lmost luseful lfor lobserving lintracellular lstructures lsuch las lbacterial lspores, lgranules, land lorganelles, las lwell las llocomotor lstructures lof lEukaryotic lcells lsuch las lcilia l Differential linterference: ldetailed lview lof lunstained, llive lspecimens lby lmanipulating lthe llight. lAlso ladds lcontrasting lcolors lrot lthe limage land ltwo lbeams lof llight lrather lthan la lsingle lone Confocal: ldelivers lsharper limage lfocusing lon ljust la lsingle lplane. lCaptures lhighly lfocused lview lat lany llevel, lranging lfrom lthe lsurface lto lthe lmiddle lof lthe lcell We luse la lBright lfield lmicroscope lwhich lproduces lan limage lbrightly lilluminated. lUsed lfor lboth llive, lunstained lmaterial, land lpreserved lstained lmaterial What lis lthe lpurpose lof lmaking la lwet lmount lor lhanging ldrop ltechnique lin la lMicrobiology llab? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Fluid lmaintains lviability land lpriories la lmedium lfor lmovement. lAlso lprovides la ltrue lassessment lof lsize, lshape, larrangements, lcolor, land lmotility lof lcells What lis lthe ldifference lbetween lpositive land lnegative lstaining? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Positive lcharged ldye lsticks lto lthe lcell, lgives lit lcolor, land lis lattracted lto lnegatively lcharged lcell lwalls. lNegative lcharged ldye lis lrepelled lby lnegatively lcharged lbacterial lcell lwalls. What lis lthe ldifference lbetween la lsimple, ldifferential, land lspecial lstain? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lSimple: lrequire la lsingle ldye, luncomplicated lprocedure l - lDifferential: luses l2 ldifferently lcolored ldyes lto lcontrast lcell ltypes, lor lcell lparts. lComplex lstaining ltechnique - lSpecial: lEmphasize lcertain lcell lparts lthat lare lnot lrevealed lwith lconventional lstaining lprocedures Which lstain lprovides lmore linformation: lsimple lor ldifferential lstain? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Differential lstain Name lthe lfour lstructures lthat lare lfound lin lall lbacteria l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Cell lmembrane l Ribosomes Cytoplasm l Bacterial lchromosomes lin lthe lnucleoid lregion What lare lthe l3 lgeneral lshapes l(morphology) lfor lbacteria? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Cocci Spirilla Bacilli Name lthe lflagellar larrangement lwhen lflagella lare llocated lat lboth lpoles lof lthe lcell l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Amphitrichous _______ l_________ lcells lcontain ltwo llayers lin ltheir lcell lenvelope l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Gram lpositive _______ l______ lcells lhave lan louter lmembrane lmade lup lof llipopolysaccharide l(LPS) l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Gram lnegative What lus lthe ltotal lsize lfor la lbacterial lribosome? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.70S Clostridium, lBacillus, land lSporosarcina lproduce ldormant lhighly lresistant l__________ l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Endospores Unique lprokaryotic lcells lthat lare lmore lclosely lrelated lto lDomain lEukarya lthan lto lDomain lBacteria l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Archaea Bergey's lmanual lof l______________________ l_______________________ lis lbased lon lphenotypic lcharacteristics land lis lused lin lclinical, lteaching, land lresearch llabs l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Determinative lBacteriology What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof la lbacterial lflagellum? lDescribe lthe lthree lparts lof lthe bacterial lflagellum. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Composed lof lproteins. l Three lparts: l - lBasal lBody: la lstack lof lrings lfirmly lanchored lthrough lthe lcell lwall lto lthe lbody - lHook: lanchored lto lthe lcell lby lthe lbasal lbody l - lFilament: lhelical lstructure, lcomposed lof lproteins, lapproximately l20 lnanometers lin ldiameter. lInserted linto la lcurved, ltubular lhook Describe lthe ldifferent larrangements lfor lbacterial lflagella. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lMonotrichous lpolar: lsingle lflagellum - lLophotrichous lpolar: lseveral ltufts lemerging lfrom lsame lsite - lAmphitrichous lpolar: lflagella lat lboth lends l - lPetritichous: lflagella lrandomly ldispersed lover lthe lentire lsurface lof lthe lcell What lis lchemotaxis? lWhat lis lthe ldifference lbetween lpositive land lnegative lchemotaxis? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Movement lin lresponse lto lchemical lsignals. l Positive: lRun l- lcounterclockwise lmovement lof lthe lflagella, lcells lswim lin la lsmooth, llinear ldirection ltoward la lstimulus Negative: lTumble l- lflagella lreverses ldirection, lcausing lthe lcell lto lstop What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof laxial lfilaments, lalso lknown las lperiplasmic lflagella? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lTwo lor lmore llong lcoiled lthreads lfound lin lspirochetes - lInternal lflagellum lenclosed lbetween lthe lcell lwall land lcell lmembrane l - lImpart ltwisting lor lflexing lmotion lto lthe lcell What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lbacterial lfimbriae? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lSmall lbristle-like lfibers lsprouting loff lthe lsurface lof lcertain lspecies lof lbacteria l - lComposition lvaries, lbut lmost lcontain lprotein - lHave lthe linherent ltendency lto lstick lto leach lother land lto lsurfaces - lE. lColi land lthe lgonococcus luse lfimbriae lto ladhere lto lepithelial lcells What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lbacterial lpili? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lAlso lknown las lsex lpious - lLong, lrigid ltubular lstructure lmade lof lpilin lprotein l - lOnly lfound lin lgram lnegative lbacteria l - lUsed lin lconjugation, lthe lpartial ltransfer lof lDNA lfrom lone lcell lto lanother l - lProduction lof lPili lis lcontrolled lgenetically Describe lthe ldifferent ltypes lof lthe lbacterial lglycocalyx, lalso lknown las lthe lsurface lcoating. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Slime llayer l- lForms lloosely laround lthe lcell, lprotects lthe lcell lfrom lloss lof lwater land lnutrients Capsule l- lMore ltightly lbound lthan lthe lslime llater, ldenser land lthicker, lformed lby lpathogenic lbacteria, lprotects lbacteria lagainst lphagocytic lwhite lblood lcells Biofilms l- lCan linfect llong-term lin ldwelling lartificial ldevices lsuch las lplastic lcatheters, lintrauterine ldevices, land lmetal lpacemakers Describe lthe lstructure lof lpeptidoglycan lin lthe lbacterial lcell lwall. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Peptidoglycan lis lfound lin lthe lcell lwalls lof lbacteria. lIt lis la lunique lmacromolecule lcomposed lof lgylcan lchains lcross llinked lwith lshort lpeptide lfragments. lAlso lprovides la lstrong lbut lflexible lsupport lframework Describe lthe ldifferences lbetween lGram-positive land lGram-negative lcells. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Gram lpositive lcells lhave la lthick llayer lof lpeptidoglycan l20-80nm lthick land lgram lnegative lcells lhave la lthin llayer lof lpeptidoglycan l1-3nm Mycoplasma land lother lcell-wall-deficient lbacteria llack la lbacterial l__________ l__________. lName lthe lmost limportant lmedically lspecies lof lMycoplasma. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Cell lwall. The lmost limportant lspecies lis What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lthe lGram-negative louter lmembrane? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lContains lspecialized lpolysaccharides land lproteins l - lLipopolysaccharide l - lPolysaccharide lchains lfunction las lantigens land lreceptors What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lthe lbacterial lcell lmembrane? lWhat lis ltypically labsent lin lthe lbacterial lcell lmembrane lbut lpresent lin la leukaryotic lcell lmembrane? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lThe lcell lmembrane lis la lphospholipid lbelayer lembedded lwith lproteins lcompletely laround lthe lcytoplasm - lThe lcell lmembrane ltransports lthe lnutrients linto lthe lcell land ldischarges lwastes. l - lIt lis lselectively lpermeable, lwater land lsmall luncharged lmolecules ldiffuse lfreely, land lspecial lcarrier lmechanisms lmay lexist. l - lSecretes ldischarge lof lmetabolic lproducts linto lthe lextra lcellular lenvironment What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lthe lbacterial lcytoplasm, lchromosome/nucleoid, lplasmids, lribosomes, linclusion lbodies lor lmicrocompartments, land lcytoskeleton? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.CYTOPLASM: - lGelatinous lsolution lcontained lby lthe lcell lmembrane. l - lProminent lsite lfor lthe lcells lbiochemical land lenzymatic lactivities - l70-80% lwater, lcomplex lmixture lof lsugars, lamino lacids, land lsalts - lAlso lcontains lchromatin, lribosomes, lgranules, land lfibers lthat lact las lthe lcytoskeleton l BACTERIAL lCHROMOSOME: - lTypically lonly lone land lfound lin la lcircular lappearance l - lAggregated lin la ldense larea lcalled lthe lnucleiod l - lDNA lis ltightly lcoiled laround lprotein lmolecules PLASMIDS: - lNon-essential lpieces lof lDNA l - lSeparate, ldouble lstranded lcircles lof lDNA - lConfer lpositive ltraits - lDuplicated land lpassed lonto loffspring lduring lreplication - lImportant lin lgenetic lengineering l RIBOSOMES: - lMade lof lrRNA land lprotein l - lDispered lthroughout lthe lcytoplasm l - lSvedberg l(S) lunits: lMeasurement lof lthe lrelative lsize lof lcell lparts lthrough lsedimentation lduring lcentrifugation l - lBacterial lribosomes: l70S - lEukaryotic lribosomes: l80S INCLUSION lBODIES: - lStorage lsites lfor lnutrients lduring lperiod lof labundance - lSingle-layered lmembranes - lVary lin lsize, lnumber, land lcontent l MICRO-COMPARTMENTS: - lMade lof lprotein l - lPacked lfull lof lenzymes land lwork ltogether lin lpathways l CYTOSKELETON: - lLong lpolymers lof lproteins lsimilar lto leukaryotic lactin l - lArranged lin lhelical lribbons laround lthe lcell ljust lunder lthe lcell lmembrane l - lContributes lto lcell lshape What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof la lbacterial lendospore? lDescribe lthe llife lcycle lof lan lendospore lformer. lWhat lgenera lof lbacteria lproduce lendospores? lWhat lis lthe lmedical lsignificance lof lbacterial lspores? lName lthe lprimary ldye, lmordant, ldecolorizer, land lcounterstain lin lthe lSchaeffer-Fulton lendospore lstain. lWhat lcolor ldoes lthe lendospore llook llike under lthe lmicroscope? lWhat lcolor ldoes lthe lvegetative lcell llook llike lunder lthe lmicroscope? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lBacterial lendospores lwithstand lhostile lconditions land lfacilitate lsurvival - lStimulus lfor lendospore lformation: ldepletion lof lnutrients, lespecially lcarbon land lnitrogen lsources] - lCan lresist lhear, ldrying, lfreezing, lradiation, lchemicals - lConstant lintruders lwhere lsterility land lcleanliness lare limportant - lResist lordinary lcleaning lmethods - lFrequently lcontaminate lcultures land lmedia - lHospitals lmust lprotect lagainst lendospores lin lwounds - lDestruction lof lendospores limportant lin lthe lfood-canning lindustry LIFE lCYCLE: l - lGermination lbegins lwhen lfavorable lconditions larise - lExposure lto lwater land la lgermination lagent, lstimulates lthe lformation lof lhydrolytic lenzymes lthat lbreak ldown lthe lcortex - lCore lrehydrates land ltakes lup lnutrients land lbacterium lgrows lout lof lthe lendospore lcoats l PRIMARY lDYE: - lMalachite lgreen MORDANT: - lSteam DECOLORIZER: - lWater l COUNTERSTAIN: - lSafranin l COLORS: - lVegetative lcells lstain lred lbecause lthey llack laffinity lfor lmalachite land la lcortex - lEndospores lstain lgreen lbecause lthey lhave lan laffinity lfor lmalachite land la lcortex Describe lthe lunique lgroup lof lprokaryotes, lknown las lthe lArchaea. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lClosely lrelated lto lthe lDomain lEukarya l - lShare lribosomal lRNA l(rRNA) lsequences lnot lfound lin lbacteria l - lProtein lsynthesis land lribosomal lsubunit lstructures lare lsimilar l - lCertain lgenetic lsequences lare lonly lfound lin ltheir lrRNA - lUnique lmethod lof lDNA lcompaction - lUnique land lchemically ldistinct lcell lwalls - lMost lprimitive lof lall llife lforms - lClosely lrelated lto lcells lthat loriginated l4 lbillion lyears lago What lis lthe ldifference lin lusing lthe lBergey's lManual, lBergey's lManual lof lSystematic Bacteriology, land lBergey's lManual lof lDeterminative lBacteriology lfor lclassification lof lbacteria and larchaea? lDescribe lthe ltaxonomic land ldiagnostic lscheme lfor lbacteria land larchaea. lWhat is lthe ldifference lbetween lspecies land lsubspecies/strain/type? lWhat lis lserotype? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.BERGEY'S lMANUAL: - lDefinitive lpublished lsource lfor lbacterial land larchaea lclassification - lBasis lfor learly lclassification lwas lphenotypic ltraits: lshape, lcultural lbehavior, land lbiochemical lreactions BERGEY'S lMANUAL lOF lSYSTEMATIC lBACTERIOLOGY: l - lComprehensive lview lof lbacterial land larchaeal lrelatedness - lFive lvolume lset, lcombines lphenotypic linformation lwith lrRNA lsequencing lfor lclassification BERGEY'S lMANUAL lOF lDETERMINATIVE lBACTERIOLOGY: - lBased lentirely lon lphenotypic lcharacteristics - lCategorizes lbacteria lby ltraits lassayed lin lclinical, lteaching, lresearch llabs - lIdentify lbacteria lnot lbased lon levolutionary lbackgrounds - lUseful lfor lstudents lof lmedical lmicrobiology Four lmajor ldivisions lof lbacteria land lArchaea l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lGracilicutes: lGram-negative lcell lwalls, lthin-skinned - lFirmicutes: lGram-positive lcell lwalls, lthick land lstrong - lTenericutes: lLack la lcell lwall, lsoft - lMendosicutes: lArchaea Describe lthe lhistory lof leukaryotes land lthe linclude lthe limportance lof lendosymbiosis. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.First leukaryotic lcells lappeared lon lEarth l2 l- l3 lbillion lyears lago - lBacteria land leukaryotes levolved lfrom la lprecursor lcalled lthe lLast lCommon lAncestor • lEndosymbiosis - lLarge lprecursor lcell lengulfed lsmall lbacterial lcells lthat llived land lreproduced linside lthe llarge lcell ___________ lare lconsidered lto lbe lunicellular lorganisms. l____________ land l___________are lconsidered lto lbe lunicellular lor lmulticellular lorganisms. l____________ lare lconsidered lto lbe lmulticellular lorganisms. lAre lplants land lanimals lconsidered lto lunicellular lor lmulticellular lorganisms? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.1. lProtozoa 2. lFungi land lAlgae 3. lHelminths l 4. lPlants land lanimals lare lconsidered lunicellular Which lorganelle lfor la leukaryotic lcell lis lconsidered lto lthe lmost limportant? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Ribosomes Which lstructures lfor la leukaryotic lcell lare lconsidered lto lbe lexternal lappendages? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.The lflagella land lcilia What lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof leukaryotic lflagella land lcilia? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.- lEukaryotic lflagella • l10x lthicker • lStructurally lmore lcomplex • lCovered lby lan lextension lof lthe lcellmembrane • lLong, lsheathed lcylinder lcontaining lregularly lspaced lhollow lmicrotubules: l9+2 larrangement • lCertain lprotozoa land lalgae - lEukaryotic lcilia • lSimilar lin loverall lstructure lto leukaryotic flagella • lShorter land lmore lnumerous l- lup lto several lthousand lin lsome lcells • lFound lonly lin la lsingle lgroup lof lprotozoa land lcertain lanimal lcells • lFunction las lfeeding land lfiltering structures lon lsome lcells Name land ldescribe lthe ldifferent ltypes lof lthe leukaryotic lglycocalyx. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Outermost lboundary lthat lcomes linto ldirect contact lwith lthe lenvironment • lAlso lcalled lan lextracellular lmatrix • lComposed lof lpolysaccharides • lAppearance -Network lof lfibers -Slime llayer - lCapsule Which lof lthe lfollowing lcells llisted lposses la lcell lwell: lfungi/yeast, lprotozoa, lalgae, lhelminths, lanimals, land lplants? lIf lthey lposses la lcell lwall, ldescribe lthe lcomposition. l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Fungi/Yeast, l& lAlgae. - lRigid land lprovide lstructural lsupport landshape - lDifferent lchemical lcomposition lthan lbacterial cell lwalls Do lall leukaryotic lcells lpossess la lcell lmembrane? lWhat lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lfor lthe leukaryotic lcell lmembrane? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.Yes, lall leukaryotic lcells lposses la lcell lmembrane. l Typical lbilayer lof lphospholipids lembedded lwith lproteins - lContain lsterols - lSelectively lpermeable lbarrier - lSophisticated lmechanisms lfor ltransporting lmaterials lin land lwaste land lother lproductsout Do lbacterial lcells lcontain la lnucleus? lWhat lis lthe lstructure land lfunction lof lthe leukaryotic lnucleus? lWhat lis lthe lfunction lof lthe lnucleolus? l- l l l lcorrect lanswer.No, lthey ldo lnot lhave la lnucleus. l Eukaryotic lcells ldo. l • lNucleus: lthe lcontrol lcenter - lCompact lsphere, lmost lprominent lorganelle