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2024 Exam Summary for B&C: MLE (Memory, Language and Emotion)

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Course
Memory, Language and Emotion (7202BP03XY)

Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)

Be prepared for the MLE (Memory, Language, and Emotion) course with this comprehensive PDF summary: This resource captures all the crucial information from the lectures and includes summaries of relevant readings and got me an 8 for my MLE exam. This summary will guide you through the course, mak...

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Uploaded on July 1, 2024
Number of pages 69
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

psychology
brain and cognition
bc specialization
mle
7202bp03xy
cognitive neuroscience
social science
behavioural science
bc
memory language and emotion
cognition language and communication

Institution
Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)
Education
Psychologie: Brain & Cognition
Course
Memory, Language and Emotion (7202BP03XY)

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MEMORY

Lecture 1a: Introduction

How to achieve efficient studying?

- Retrieval, spacing, generation, state-dependent learning: no alcohol, levels of processing
effect

First memory studies in ancient times

- Aristotle: association between stimuli
- Rhetorica ad Herenium: Method of loci

Ebbinghaus and his forgetting curve:

- Considered as one of the founders of psychology.
- Ebbinghaus forgetting curve:
- Rapid initial decline, afterwards stagnates and the rate of
forgetting slows down.
- After 20 minutes almost half is lost

Jost’s Law

- If there are two memory traces with the same probability of retrieval, but one is older:
- A) the older one will be forgotten more slowly than the younger one
- B) the older one will benefit more from additional learning

Sir Francis Bartlett:

- Focus on existing knowledge.
- Memory is schemata, our brain fills in what we don’t know with existing knowledge;
memories are constructed and completed by known information.

William James:

- Founding father of psychology
- Two different memory stores, primary and secondary

Memory and Neurobiology: Rats and Maze Learning:

- The bigger the lesion created in a rat, the more errors in maze learning.

Theodule Ribot:

- Neuropsychology of memory
- Ribot grading

Donald O. Hebb:

- Hebbian learning, long-term potentiation: cells that fire together, wire together

Behaviourists:

- Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
- Watson: fear conditioning
- Skinner: operant conditioning

,What was cognitive Psychology influenced by from 1950?

- Emerging computer science in the 1940s
- Shannon and weaver’s ‘A mathematical theory of communication’ – ‘bit’ theory
- Computer memory: Ram vs. Hard-disk = STM vs LTM
- Memory is now viewed as a carrier of information that is manipulated during cognition

What were the theories and emerging ideas that influenced cognitive psychology after 1950?

- Miller’s law: the magical number 7+/-
- Broadbent’s information model: bottleneck, filter, limited capacity channel

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model:

- Multi-store model
- Comprised of sensory memory; short term
memory; long term memory
- The model posits that for information to
move from one store to another encoding,
storage, and retrieval are necessary.
- The model also emphasizes the
importance of rehearsal to transfer information from the STM to LTM

Baddley and Hitch Model:

- Working memory components:
1. Central Executive: control centre
2. Phonological Loop: deals with auditory information and language
3. Visuospatial Sketchpad: deals with visual and spatial information
4. Episodic Buffer: (added later) integrates information from the phonological loop,
visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory into a coherent sequence
- This model is better than previous STM as it emphasizes the dynamic and flexible nature of
WM

Tulving:

- Posits different memory stores:
- Episodic: temporal events in subjective time
- Semantic: general knowledge (no event structure)
- Procedural: operations involved in executing task (knowing how to), stimuli and response
memory

,Lecture 1b: Neuropsychology

What is a popular misconception about memory?

- That memory traces are stored at specific locations in the brain.
- Penfields neural stimulation contributed to this notion because, during his epilepsy studies,
he discovered that electrical stimulation of certain areas of the brain would lead to altered
memories.

Hebbian Learning:

- LTP: what fires together, wires together; so more frequently strengthened connections are
stronger.

Spines and neural connections:

- Grow and shrink over time, seemingly randomly.
- Neural connections fluctuate like crazy.
- Spine fluctuations % per day:
o Relative change: about 5% to 10% per day
o Absolute change: might be smaller, indicating only slight increases or decreases.

How does this relate to LTM consolidation?

- This might be an active mechanism of long-term consolidation.
- Allowing for new memories to be formed and old ones to be forgotten, a dynamic process
that contributes to memory consolidation.

Hippocampus:

- Essential for episodic memory
- And is specialized in spatial memory, Morris water maze -> using place and grid cells the
mouse knows where to go

How does a lesion to the hippocampus impact mice in the Morris water maze:

- They have a much harder time finding the
platform again.
- Especially when the starting position
varies, they are almost unable to find it.
- When the starting position stays the
same, they find it after some time.

Updated views on hippocampus and memory:

- It was first thought that the hippocampus specialized in spatial memory, however, it seems to
be that the hippocampus rather plays a role in remembering complex associations

Para hippocampal areas:

- Essential for the formation of complex associations, e.g. between
objects and their context
- Also, for encoding, recognition, and recall
- Involved in episodic memory.

, Perirhinal cortex:

- Concerned with recognition: the feeling of familiarity.

Declarative (explicit) memory (all stores: facts, events):

- All mediated by medial temporal lobe, neocortex

Model of the hippocampus-cortex dialog during memory consolidation:

- Link System (hippocampus): initially encodes and binds different aspects of memory into a
coherent whole, and links it together.
- Trace System (Neocortex): storing memory traces into long-term memory.
- Modulatory System (Basal Forebrain): influencing the consolidation process through
neuromodulators.

Stages of storage and consolidation:

- Links and traces become more complex and more stable with every stage.

Memory stores: Why is this distinction necessary?

Episodic Memory Remembering
Semantic Memory Knowing
➔ Different pathologies:
o Semantic Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s dementia patients (episodic)
o These diseases involve different parts of the brain.

Brain regions and memory overview

Explicit memory: retrieve something from memory.

Implicit memory: (possibly) unconscious effect of behaviour due to previous experience

- E.g.: activation of the amygdala enhances memory, watching a horror movie will be
remembered more easily than watching a boring lecture

Why is the distinction between explicit and implicit memory necessary?

- Anterograde amnesia patients have implicit memory but lack explicit memory.
- Different parts of the brain are involved.

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