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Summary James Stuart
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Summary of James Stuart's reign from . Goes through all parliaments, 30 yr war etc.
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James's 1st Key notes -Born – Scotland 1566 to Mary Queen of Scots (executed), Lord Darnley (murdered). Raised
Protestant, baptized Catholic. Strict Protestant upbringing, violent. Highly educated – Peter
Young, George Buchanan. King’ of Scotland (18 months), 4 regents (Lennox, all murdered).
King at 15. Inclined to peace - ‘Rex Pacificus’.36 years on Scottish throne, spent money on
courtiers. Books- demonology, Trew law of free monarchies. Married to Anne of Denmark –
Protestant, converted to Catholic. 1603-1625 ruled England.
Beliefs-
Divine right of Kings. Treaty of Berwick – peace between Scotland and England. Absolutist.
Financially extravagant. Denounced witches. Good at compromising.
Court and Favorites
Patronage (granting of favors, pensions and titles for loyalty)
Howard Faction – Lord Henry Howard, Crypto Catholics, support marriage of Charles and
Spanish Infanta. Tried to use George Villiers as royal favorite.
Abbot Faction – Thomas Overbury, Protestants, anti-Spanish, Overbury Scandal – helped
affair of Carr and Frances Howard.
Phillip 4th earl of Pembroke – first English favorite.
George Villiers (Buckingham) - selling of titles, created monopolies, 1623 trip to Madrid,
disliked.
Robert Carr – pleaded on Overbury at court, helping Carr and Howard affair.
John Ramsey- first favorite, ‘gentleman of the bed chamber’, income of 1000, knighted.
Finance
Inherited debt of £422,000, war on Spain, crown lands losing values.
Excessive expenditure, household up to 60%, annual expenditure doubled, gave £44,000
to 3 Scottish favorites, conspicuous consumption (aristocracy in debt e.g. Hay)
Cecil (treasurer) - increased revenue of Court of Wards, sold crown land at £750,000, debt
at £280,000.
, 1608 – Bates Case (whether crown could impose extra duties on goods, new set of
impositions set, ‘back door’ tax), Cecil made Lord treasurer + revised Book of Rates.
1610 – Great Contract (crown giving up wardship and purveyance for a fixed tax (£200,000)
James caused Contact to fail when asked for another £200,000)
Finance 1614-1625
Cecil – sold Crown Lands, reduced royal debt by £600,000, lost rent from crown lands.
Created new titles e.g. Baronet (£1600 down to £200). Knighthoods sold to barbers, ex-
criminals. Total profit = £500,000
Earl of Sussex (Thomas Howard) - increased debt to £900,000. Embezzlement, charged
with corruption.
Cockayne Project – wanted to export finished cloth, took away Merchant Adventurers
monopoly. No wool, no expertise, no contacts. 1618- cloth trade collapses, social distress
for sheep farmers, never fully recovered.
Cranfield – cut expenditure, prevent gifts and pensions to courtiers, more money from
custom farmers, England can’t afford with Spain, but peace was expensive. Enemy with
Buckingham.
James- debts cost £900,000, rewarded courtiers with monopoly, ignored Cranfield’s ‘no
giving gifts’
Religion
England = protestant (simpler), 7% catholic. (extravagant)
Ireland= Catholic
Scotland lowlands = presbyterian, Scottish Highlands = catholic
James = Supreme Gov. Of church, security and peace depend on religion.
Puritans
Millenary petition – Puritan rejected: signing of cross during baptism, bowing at name
Jesus, terms ‘priest’ and ‘absolution’, wanted a stricter observance of the Sabbath (Book
of Sports, activities were allowed on Sabbath). Requested changes: excommunication not
imposed by lay officials.
Hampton Court - Sucess for Puritans, For James
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