BIOL 1902 Test 1 Questions And Answers Rated A+

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species (mimic) looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators (model). # models # mimics - Batesian mimicry advertise awareness - Flags Animals getting poison from plants - Sequestering being alert and scanning the environment - Vigilance Bitter, no nitrogen - Terpenoids (cardiac glycosides) bold and often colourful patterns that are exposed suddenly to startle a predator; sometimes serve a deflection or distraction role (ex: underwing moth) - Startle patterns Caused by reflective layer (tapetum lucidum) behind retina in nocturnal animals - Eyeshine defences that are always present - Constitutive digestibility reducers that are not structural components - Plant secondary metabolites Direction based on taste imbalance - Why are snake tongues forked Drying agent, e.g. tannin - Astringentepidermal outgrowths, like hairs - Prickles Gives leaves stiffness, nuts and cherry pits hardness - Lignin Group of defended, unrelated animals that look similar - Mullerian mimicry Increasing in size to intimidate (ex: toads, hognose snake) - Bluffing Jasmonic acid, ethylene, or salicylic acid. Plant hormones used to prepare for defence - Phytohormones Juvenile hormones produced by plants. Causes insects to cease maturing (ex: balsam fir) - phytojuvenile hormones Larger ears capture more sound, ears pivot to scan all directions, membranes to pick up vibrations - Auditory vigilance larger snouts house more sensory smell - Olfactory vigilance mammals exposing jacobson's organ - Flemmen Manifest under the skin and increase sensitivity to light - Phototoxins Matching the environment with shape and colour (ex: angle winged butterfly) - Masquerade Mixture of physical and chemical defence. Contains a chemical deterrent - Glandular trichomesmodified branches - Thorns modified leaves - Spines More depth perception on front, larger fov on side - Eye placement Moulting hormones (ecdysone) manufactured by plants. Causes insects to mature too quickly and die (ex: rock polypody) - phytoecdysones Patterns that mimic eyes used on some startle patterns. Make an animal appear 'larger than life' (ex: sphinx moth) - Eyespots Plant hairs used to deter insects - Trichomes playing dead - Thanatosis protective coloration of some animals in which parts normally in shadow are light and those exposed to the sky are dark. - Countershading Reproductive hormones produced by plants. Mess up an animal's reproductive system - phytoestrogens Sense organ which detects airborne chemicals - Jacobson's organ Small birds attacking larger birds - Mobbing Smells from plants that advertise their defence - Aposematic odoursstrongly contrasting markings such as spots or stripes break up an animal's outline - Disruptive patterns Structural elements that make plant tissues harder to digest - Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica Structures exposed suddenly to startle a predator (ex: 'snake tongue' osmetarium of giant swallowtail caterpillar, wingtails, bright tongue of five-lined skink) - Startle structures Taste bad, contain nitrogen, interfere with digestion by binding to digestive enzymes - Alkaloids turtle shell - Carapace (top) & plastron (bottom) used on some reptiles - Internal ears warning coloration - aposematic coloration When a defence can be triggered/created that is not always present - Inducible defence