Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing:
Module 2 Exam Study Guide
Chapter 2 - Theories and Therapies - ANS-Review begins ↓
Transference: - ANS-Refers to unconscious feelings that the patient has toward a
healthcare worker that were originally felt in childhood for a significant other.
Countertransference: - ANS-Refers to unconscious feelings that the healthcare worker
has toward the patient.
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory: - ANS-- A theory developed by Freud that
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on
unconscious determinants of behavior
- Mental disorders result from unresolved childhood issues
- Personality structure poses tension between the Id, Ego, and Superego
- Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic therapy: - ANS-- Rooted in traditional psychoanalysis
and uses many of the same tools (free association and dream analysis), and concepts
(transference and countertransference)
- Treatment focus: unresolved past relationships and core conflicts
- Primary disorders treated: anxiety, depression, personality disorders
- Technique: therapeutic alliance, free association, understanding transference,
challenging defense mechanisms
Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal theory: - ANS-- Effective short-term therapy
- The goal is to reduce or eliminate psychiatric symptoms (namely depression) by
improving interpersonal functioning and satisfaction with social relationship
- Treatment focus: current interpersonal relationships and social supports
- Primary disorder treated: depression
- Technique: facilitate new patterns of communication and expectations for relationships
Hildegard Peplau's theory of interpersonal relationships: - ANS-- Take from Sullivan's
theory
- Describes the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
- Shifted the focus from what nurses do to patients to what nurses do with patients
- Patients as part of the team
,- Viewed illness as a unique opportunity for experimental learning, personal growth, and
improved coping strategies
- Essential for nurses to observe the behavior not only of the patient, but also of
themselves
- She described the different levels of anxiety on perception and learning
- Self-awareness on the part of the nurse is essential in keeping the focus on the patient
and in keeping the social and personal needs of the nurse out of the nurse-patient
conversation
- Promoted interventions to lower anxiety with the aim of improving patients' abilities to
think and function at more satisfactory levels
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning: - ANS-Found when a neutral stimulus was
repeatedly paired with another stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus would elicit a
reaction from the other stimulus. Important to recognize that classical conditioned
responses are involuntary and are not spontaneous choices.
John B. Watson's behaviorism: - ANS-Contended that personality traits and
responses--adaptive and maladaptive--were socially learned through classical
conditioning. Watson concluded that controlling the environment could mold behavior
and that anyone would be trained to be anything, from a beggar man to a merchant.
B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning: - ANS-- Positive and negative reinforcement
- Researched operant conditioning, a method of learning hat occurs through rewards
and punishment for voluntary behavior
- Behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to
occur more frequently
Behavioral therapy: - ANS-- Assumes that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur
without insight into the underlying cause
- Includes: modeling, operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy,
biofeedback
- Treatment focus: learned maladaptive behavior
- Primary disorders treated: PTSD, OCD, panic disorder
- Technique: relaxation, thought stopping, self-assurance, seeking social support
Modeling: - ANS-A form of behavioral therapy that involves the process of observing
and imitating a specific behavior.
Operant conditioning: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. A method of learning
that occurs through rewards and punishment for voluntary behavior.
, Systematic desensitization: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy that involves the
development of behavior tasks customized to the patient's specific fears; these tasks
are presented to the patient while using learned relaxation techniques. This is
accomplished in a four step process.
Aversion therapy: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. Used to treat conditions
and behaviors such as alcohol use disorder, paraphilic disorders, shoplifting, aggressive
behavior, and self-mutilation. Pairs a targeted behavior with a negative stimulus, to
extinguish undesirable behavior. This treatment is used when other less drastic
behaviors have failed.
Biofeedback: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. Successful in controlling the
body's physiological response to stress and anxiety. This feedback helps people to
make changes, such as relaxing certain muscles to reduce or eliminate pain.
Rational-emotive therapy: - ANS-Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional
problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs. Boils down to perceiving
the glass half full or half empty. A-B-C; activating event, beliefs, and emotional
consequence.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): - ANS-- Aaron Beck created this therapy to
challenge the negative patterns of self-critical thinking that distorts people's ability to
think and process information
- Therapeutic techniques are designed to identify, reality test, and correct distorted
conceptualizations and the dysfunctional beliefs underlying them
- Patients are thought to challenge their own negative thinking and substitute it with
positive, rational thoughts
- They learn to recognize when thinking is based on distortions and misconceptions
- Treatment focus: thoughts and cognitions
- Primary disorders treated: depression, anxiety, panic, eating disorders
- Technique: evaluating thoughts and behaviors, modifying dysfunctional thoughts and
behaviors
Maslow's hierarchy of needs: - ANS-- Physiological
- Safety
- Love/belonging
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
Module 2 Exam Study Guide
Chapter 2 - Theories and Therapies - ANS-Review begins ↓
Transference: - ANS-Refers to unconscious feelings that the patient has toward a
healthcare worker that were originally felt in childhood for a significant other.
Countertransference: - ANS-Refers to unconscious feelings that the healthcare worker
has toward the patient.
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory: - ANS-- A theory developed by Freud that
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on
unconscious determinants of behavior
- Mental disorders result from unresolved childhood issues
- Personality structure poses tension between the Id, Ego, and Superego
- Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic therapy: - ANS-- Rooted in traditional psychoanalysis
and uses many of the same tools (free association and dream analysis), and concepts
(transference and countertransference)
- Treatment focus: unresolved past relationships and core conflicts
- Primary disorders treated: anxiety, depression, personality disorders
- Technique: therapeutic alliance, free association, understanding transference,
challenging defense mechanisms
Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal theory: - ANS-- Effective short-term therapy
- The goal is to reduce or eliminate psychiatric symptoms (namely depression) by
improving interpersonal functioning and satisfaction with social relationship
- Treatment focus: current interpersonal relationships and social supports
- Primary disorder treated: depression
- Technique: facilitate new patterns of communication and expectations for relationships
Hildegard Peplau's theory of interpersonal relationships: - ANS-- Take from Sullivan's
theory
- Describes the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
- Shifted the focus from what nurses do to patients to what nurses do with patients
- Patients as part of the team
,- Viewed illness as a unique opportunity for experimental learning, personal growth, and
improved coping strategies
- Essential for nurses to observe the behavior not only of the patient, but also of
themselves
- She described the different levels of anxiety on perception and learning
- Self-awareness on the part of the nurse is essential in keeping the focus on the patient
and in keeping the social and personal needs of the nurse out of the nurse-patient
conversation
- Promoted interventions to lower anxiety with the aim of improving patients' abilities to
think and function at more satisfactory levels
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning: - ANS-Found when a neutral stimulus was
repeatedly paired with another stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus would elicit a
reaction from the other stimulus. Important to recognize that classical conditioned
responses are involuntary and are not spontaneous choices.
John B. Watson's behaviorism: - ANS-Contended that personality traits and
responses--adaptive and maladaptive--were socially learned through classical
conditioning. Watson concluded that controlling the environment could mold behavior
and that anyone would be trained to be anything, from a beggar man to a merchant.
B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning: - ANS-- Positive and negative reinforcement
- Researched operant conditioning, a method of learning hat occurs through rewards
and punishment for voluntary behavior
- Behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to
occur more frequently
Behavioral therapy: - ANS-- Assumes that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur
without insight into the underlying cause
- Includes: modeling, operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy,
biofeedback
- Treatment focus: learned maladaptive behavior
- Primary disorders treated: PTSD, OCD, panic disorder
- Technique: relaxation, thought stopping, self-assurance, seeking social support
Modeling: - ANS-A form of behavioral therapy that involves the process of observing
and imitating a specific behavior.
Operant conditioning: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. A method of learning
that occurs through rewards and punishment for voluntary behavior.
, Systematic desensitization: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy that involves the
development of behavior tasks customized to the patient's specific fears; these tasks
are presented to the patient while using learned relaxation techniques. This is
accomplished in a four step process.
Aversion therapy: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. Used to treat conditions
and behaviors such as alcohol use disorder, paraphilic disorders, shoplifting, aggressive
behavior, and self-mutilation. Pairs a targeted behavior with a negative stimulus, to
extinguish undesirable behavior. This treatment is used when other less drastic
behaviors have failed.
Biofeedback: - ANS-Another form of behavioral therapy. Successful in controlling the
body's physiological response to stress and anxiety. This feedback helps people to
make changes, such as relaxing certain muscles to reduce or eliminate pain.
Rational-emotive therapy: - ANS-Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional
problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs. Boils down to perceiving
the glass half full or half empty. A-B-C; activating event, beliefs, and emotional
consequence.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): - ANS-- Aaron Beck created this therapy to
challenge the negative patterns of self-critical thinking that distorts people's ability to
think and process information
- Therapeutic techniques are designed to identify, reality test, and correct distorted
conceptualizations and the dysfunctional beliefs underlying them
- Patients are thought to challenge their own negative thinking and substitute it with
positive, rational thoughts
- They learn to recognize when thinking is based on distortions and misconceptions
- Treatment focus: thoughts and cognitions
- Primary disorders treated: depression, anxiety, panic, eating disorders
- Technique: evaluating thoughts and behaviors, modifying dysfunctional thoughts and
behaviors
Maslow's hierarchy of needs: - ANS-- Physiological
- Safety
- Love/belonging
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
