Rush University Diagnostics NSG 531
Exam 1
3 types of thyroid autoantigens - correct answer-thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomal antigen
and thyrotropin receptor
A hemolyzed sample can interfere with what levels - correct answer-K (false elevation), Mg,
P, Liver enzymes
A thyroid disorder occuring in post partum or in a viral infection. With initially hyperthyroid
labs but b/c hormone depletion will become hypothyroid - correct answer-thyroiditis
Abnormal labs in cirrhosis - correct answer-- increased unconjugated bilirubin
- increased AST
-decreased albumin
abnormal labs in hyperaldosteronism (excessive renal excretion( - correct answer--high Na
- low K
Abnormal RBC morphology - correct answer-related to anemia and asplenism
or genetic defects
can aid in accurate dx
abnormal WBC morphology - correct answer-infection or malignancy
Aldosterone deficiency - correct answer-released from the adrenal glad to increase
resorption of Na and water
renal sodium exchange is decreased resulting in decreased serum sodium, increased serum
K and urine with more Na in it than normal, urine osmolarity is often increased as well
this happens in adrenal insufficiency and addison's disease
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) - correct answer-a group of closely related enzymes found in
many tissues primarily liver, biliary tract, epithelium, bone, intestinal mucosa and placenta
-normally excreted from liver in bile
ALP elevation causes - correct answer-liver and bone problems
-extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction
-intrahepatic biliary tract obstruction due to acute liver cell injury
-liver space occupying lesions (tumors, abscesses, granulomas)
-bones with increased osteoblastic activity
- the degree of elevation reflects the severity of obstruction and amount of biliary tissue
involved
ALT (serum alanine aminotransferase) and SGPT - correct answer-an enzyme found
predominately in the liver
,-but with a moderate sized component in the kidney and
- small quantities in heart and skeletal muscle
ALT elevation causes - correct answer-liver disease
although, large amounts of tissue damage in kidney, heart and skeletal muscle may also
affect serum levels such as myositis and rhabomyolysis
ALT is greater than AST in what - correct answer-viral or drug induced hepatitis and hepatic
obstruction due to causes other than malignancy
amylase - correct answer-enzyme found in pancrease assisting in digestion of complex
carbs to simple sugards
- used to determine pancreatitis
anemia - correct answer-reduced # of circulating erythrocytes
decreased hgb conc.
reduced hct
resulting in reduction of o2 carrying capacity of the resulting hypoxia
females <12/<36%
males <13.5/ < 41%
anemia is not always the what - correct answer-primary disease.
- could be r/t chronic hemorrhage, neoplasm, chronic infection, renal failure
anemia of chronic disease - correct answer-normocytic
-dysreg of Fe homeostasis
-inhibited erythropoiesis
anion gap - correct answer-(looking for lactic acid and ketones)
Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by
measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.
(Na+K) - (Cl + CO2)
normal 12-18
it is increased when there are increased unmeasured anions
Antithyroid antibodies - correct answer-TSH receptor antibodies, immunoglobulins that bind
to TSH receptors and cause stimulation or inhibition
AST is greater than ALT in what - correct answer-alcoholic induced hepatitis, cirrhosis, and
metastatic cancer of the liver
automated count cannot differentiate between what - correct answer-mature neutrophils and
bands
-helpful to know in a bandemia
B12 deficiency anemia - correct answer-can be caused by inad. dietary intake, lack of
absorption (intrinsic factor)
, - deficiency causes maturation arrest of RBC, WBC- there are then larger ed and white cells
present
- may see a mild pancytopenia
B12/Folate Deficiency Anemia - correct answer-most common causes of macrocytic anemia
decreased levels of:
-RBC, HGB, HCT, reticu,serum b12, folate,
increased MCV, MCH,
normal - MCHC
hypersegmented neutrophils
bacterial infection - correct answer-increase in bands, segs,
normal eos, and bas
increased or normal mono
decreased or normal lymphs
basophils - correct answer-contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in
allergic responses)
<1% of all WBCs
-not phagocytic
increased due to chronic infection or leukemia
0.5-1%
bound to proteins that prevent it from entering the tissues that need thyroid hormone -
correct answer-T4
BUN - correct answer-concentration of nitrogen within urea in the serum
-urea is made in the liver
-can be a gross estimate of glomerular filtration rate
-inversely related to GFR
BUN above 20:1 - correct answer-pre renal cause (dehydration)
BUN/Cr ratio greater than 20 but increase in BUN is more - correct answer-post renal
obstruction
BUN/Cr ratio greater than 20 with a normal creatinine - correct answer-high protein diet,
increased protein catabolism, GI hemorrhage, dehydration
BUN/Cr ratio less than 10:1 - increased Cr with normal BUN - correct answer-starvation, low
protein diet, severe liver disease
BUN/cr values above 20:1 - correct answer-dehydration or prerenal
BUN/Creatinine Ratio - correct answer-12:1 - 20:1
calcium - correct answer-99% of it is stored in bone
• 1% is in serum and extracellular fluid
Exam 1
3 types of thyroid autoantigens - correct answer-thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomal antigen
and thyrotropin receptor
A hemolyzed sample can interfere with what levels - correct answer-K (false elevation), Mg,
P, Liver enzymes
A thyroid disorder occuring in post partum or in a viral infection. With initially hyperthyroid
labs but b/c hormone depletion will become hypothyroid - correct answer-thyroiditis
Abnormal labs in cirrhosis - correct answer-- increased unconjugated bilirubin
- increased AST
-decreased albumin
abnormal labs in hyperaldosteronism (excessive renal excretion( - correct answer--high Na
- low K
Abnormal RBC morphology - correct answer-related to anemia and asplenism
or genetic defects
can aid in accurate dx
abnormal WBC morphology - correct answer-infection or malignancy
Aldosterone deficiency - correct answer-released from the adrenal glad to increase
resorption of Na and water
renal sodium exchange is decreased resulting in decreased serum sodium, increased serum
K and urine with more Na in it than normal, urine osmolarity is often increased as well
this happens in adrenal insufficiency and addison's disease
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) - correct answer-a group of closely related enzymes found in
many tissues primarily liver, biliary tract, epithelium, bone, intestinal mucosa and placenta
-normally excreted from liver in bile
ALP elevation causes - correct answer-liver and bone problems
-extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction
-intrahepatic biliary tract obstruction due to acute liver cell injury
-liver space occupying lesions (tumors, abscesses, granulomas)
-bones with increased osteoblastic activity
- the degree of elevation reflects the severity of obstruction and amount of biliary tissue
involved
ALT (serum alanine aminotransferase) and SGPT - correct answer-an enzyme found
predominately in the liver
,-but with a moderate sized component in the kidney and
- small quantities in heart and skeletal muscle
ALT elevation causes - correct answer-liver disease
although, large amounts of tissue damage in kidney, heart and skeletal muscle may also
affect serum levels such as myositis and rhabomyolysis
ALT is greater than AST in what - correct answer-viral or drug induced hepatitis and hepatic
obstruction due to causes other than malignancy
amylase - correct answer-enzyme found in pancrease assisting in digestion of complex
carbs to simple sugards
- used to determine pancreatitis
anemia - correct answer-reduced # of circulating erythrocytes
decreased hgb conc.
reduced hct
resulting in reduction of o2 carrying capacity of the resulting hypoxia
females <12/<36%
males <13.5/ < 41%
anemia is not always the what - correct answer-primary disease.
- could be r/t chronic hemorrhage, neoplasm, chronic infection, renal failure
anemia of chronic disease - correct answer-normocytic
-dysreg of Fe homeostasis
-inhibited erythropoiesis
anion gap - correct answer-(looking for lactic acid and ketones)
Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by
measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.
(Na+K) - (Cl + CO2)
normal 12-18
it is increased when there are increased unmeasured anions
Antithyroid antibodies - correct answer-TSH receptor antibodies, immunoglobulins that bind
to TSH receptors and cause stimulation or inhibition
AST is greater than ALT in what - correct answer-alcoholic induced hepatitis, cirrhosis, and
metastatic cancer of the liver
automated count cannot differentiate between what - correct answer-mature neutrophils and
bands
-helpful to know in a bandemia
B12 deficiency anemia - correct answer-can be caused by inad. dietary intake, lack of
absorption (intrinsic factor)
, - deficiency causes maturation arrest of RBC, WBC- there are then larger ed and white cells
present
- may see a mild pancytopenia
B12/Folate Deficiency Anemia - correct answer-most common causes of macrocytic anemia
decreased levels of:
-RBC, HGB, HCT, reticu,serum b12, folate,
increased MCV, MCH,
normal - MCHC
hypersegmented neutrophils
bacterial infection - correct answer-increase in bands, segs,
normal eos, and bas
increased or normal mono
decreased or normal lymphs
basophils - correct answer-contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in
allergic responses)
<1% of all WBCs
-not phagocytic
increased due to chronic infection or leukemia
0.5-1%
bound to proteins that prevent it from entering the tissues that need thyroid hormone -
correct answer-T4
BUN - correct answer-concentration of nitrogen within urea in the serum
-urea is made in the liver
-can be a gross estimate of glomerular filtration rate
-inversely related to GFR
BUN above 20:1 - correct answer-pre renal cause (dehydration)
BUN/Cr ratio greater than 20 but increase in BUN is more - correct answer-post renal
obstruction
BUN/Cr ratio greater than 20 with a normal creatinine - correct answer-high protein diet,
increased protein catabolism, GI hemorrhage, dehydration
BUN/Cr ratio less than 10:1 - increased Cr with normal BUN - correct answer-starvation, low
protein diet, severe liver disease
BUN/cr values above 20:1 - correct answer-dehydration or prerenal
BUN/Creatinine Ratio - correct answer-12:1 - 20:1
calcium - correct answer-99% of it is stored in bone
• 1% is in serum and extracellular fluid
