Exam (elaborations)
Ch.13, Ch.4, Ch.5, & Ch.6.
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Ch.13, Ch.4, Ch.5, & Ch.6.
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Ch.13, Ch.4, Ch.5, & Ch.6child-centred (or child-directed) learning - correct answer-A teaching-learning process in
which the child learns from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults. This
type of learning contrasts with a classroom in which the educator's main role is to teach
specific subject matter or formal lessons
developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) - correct answer-A set of practices that directly
relates to a child's stage of development as defined by such theorists as Piaget and Erikson
meaning-making - correct answer-A practice through which children construct knowledge by
finding meaning in their experience
sensorimotor play - correct answer-A form of play that involves exploring, manipulating,
using movement, and experiencing the senses. It is sometimes called "practice play" or
"functional play". In sensori-motor play, the child interacts with his or her environment using
both objects and other people
symbolic play - correct answer-A form of play that uses one thing to stand for another and
shows the person's ability to create mental images. Three types of symbolic play are
dramatic play, constructive play, and playing games with rules
solitary play - correct answer-A form of play in which a child plays alone even though other
children may be present
parallel play - correct answer-A form of play in which two or several children are playing by
themselves, but within close proximity of each other. Each child's play may be influenced by
what another child is doing or saying, but there is no direct interaction or acknowledgment of
the other child
associative play - correct answer-A form of play in which children use the same materials,
interact with each other, and carry on conversations. It is not as organized as cooperative
play, in which children take on different roles
cooperative play - correct answer-A form of play that involves a significant degree of
organization. Interactive role playing and creating a joint sculpture are two examples of
cooperative play
project-based approach - correct answer-An in-depth teaching-learning process that
emerges from an idea-thought up by either a child or an adult-and is carried out over days or
weeks. Unlike free play, project work emphasizes product as well as process.
Documentation of the process (during and upon completion) is an important element of the
project approach.
running record observation - correct answer-A method of documenting that gives a
blow-by-blow, objective, written description of what is happening while it is happening. A
,running record can include adult interpretations about the meaning of the observed
behaviors, but it must separate objective data from subjective comments
descriptive feedback - correct answer-A form of nonjudgmental commentary. Adults use
descriptive feedback to put children's actions and feelings to words to convey recognition,
acceptance, and support. "You're putting a lot of work into that drawing" or "Looks like you
don't like him to touch your painting." Descriptive feedback should be used to facilitate rather
than disrupt
intrinsic motivation - correct answer-Inner rewards that drive a child to accomplish
something. Intrinsic motivation contrasts with extrinsic motivation, in which rewards are given
to the child in the form of praise, tokens, stickers, stars, privileges, and so forth
guidance - correct answer-Nonpunishing methods of leading children's behavior in position
directions so that children learn to control themselves, develop a healthy conscience, and
preserve their self-esteem
time-out - correct answer-A nonviolent alternative to punishment that removes a child from a
situation in which he or she is behaving in an unacceptable way. Time-out is an effective
guidance measure when the child is truly out of control and needs to be removed to settle
down. Used as a punishing device by controlling adults, however, it has side effects-as does
any punishment-including undermining self-esteem
limits - correct answer-Boundaries places on children's behavior. They can be physical
boundaries or verbal boundaries
behavior modification - correct answer-A form of systematic training that attempts to change
unacceptable behavior patterns. It involves reinforcing acceptable behavior rather than
paying attention to and, thus, rewarding unacceptable behavior
modeling - correct answer-A teaching device and guidance tool in which an adult's attitude or
behavior becomes an example the child consciously or unconsciously imitates
feedforward - correct answer-A guidance tool that helps children understand beforehand
what consequences might result from certain behavior (often unacceptable behavior). It is
only feedforward if it is presented in a neutral tone and is neither judgmental not threatening
aggressiveness - correct answer-The quality of dominating power that results in pushing
forward (sometimes in hostile, harmful, attacks) without regard to the welfare of the other
person or persons
assertiveness - correct answer-The quality of standing up for one's own needs and wants in
ways that recognize and respect what other people need and want
antibias focus - correct answer-An activist approach to valuing diversity and promoting equity
by teaching children to accept,respect, and celebrate diversity as it relates to gender, race,
culture, language, ability, and so on
, zone of proximal development (ZPD) - correct answer-According to Lev Vygotsky, the gap
between a child's current performance and his or her potential performance if helped by a
more competent person-child or adult
assisted performance - correct answer-A concept described by Russian researcher Lev
Vygotsky that suggests that children cannot perform as well on their own in some cases as
they can when they receive a bit of help from a more skilled person
emergent literacy - correct answer-The ongoing, holistic process of becoming literate-that is,
learning to read and write. Emergent literacy contrasts with a reading-readiness approach,
which emphasizes teaching isolated skills rather than allowing literacy to naturally unfold in a
print-rich environment
home language - correct answer-The language spoken at home. For many children that
language is English, but for many others, it is a language other than English. The term can
also be used for a particular way of speaking English that differs from what is called
"standard English."
language-immersion programs - correct answer-The purpose of these programs in learning a
language that is not the child's home language. When children who are at risk for losing their
home language are put into English language immersion programs, the result is often the
replacement of their home language with English. An approach that has had more positive
results in the United States is called two-way language immersion programs or dual
language immersion programs. In this approach, half the children have English as their
home language and the other half come from a different language group-such as Spanish. In
this situation, each group learns the language of the other as instruction occurs in both.
Children are more likely to end up bilingual in two-way language immersion programs.
low-context culture - correct answer-A low-context culture is one that depends a great deal
on words to convey messages rather than emphasizing context
high-context culture - correct answer-A culture that depends more on context than on
spoken written language to get messages across
register - correct answer-A particular style of language or way of speaking that varies
according to the circumstances and the role a person is filling at the moment
invented spelling - correct answer-The way children spell when they first begin to write,
going by the sounds of the language more than by conventional spelling rules. In other
words, they invent their own spelling
In early childhood education programs, the stars of the show are the _____.
Multiple choice question.
A. educators
B. caregivers
C. children
D. parents - correct answer-C. children
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