"__________ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover
order, to show that certain events stand in _________ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)." -
Science; lawful relations
Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is ____________ avail...
EDF 6222 Midterm 2024 Questions & Answers |
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"__________ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover
order, to show that certain events stand in _________ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)." -
✔✔Science; lawful relations
Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is ____________ available, assumptions should not
be made. - ✔✔evidence
In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when
gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing __________ by ensuring interobserver
agreement, examining for actual ___________ (as opposed to effects that could have produced changes
without the intervention), ___________ , and self-correction. - ✔✔observer bias; experimental control;
replication
With ___________, we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic
explanations. - ✔✔parsimony
"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the ___________ of that science" (Skinner,
1974. p.3). - ✔✔philosophy
Structuralism relied on __________, which looked inward to describe sensations, images, and feelings. -
✔✔introspection
_____________ behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical positivism or
operationism. - ✔✔Methodological
While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them
completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was once referred to as ____________. -
✔✔psychophysical parallelism
, In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food,
and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that
particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method
allowed him to avoid both __________ and _________ fictions. - ✔✔mentalistic; explanatory
The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism.
However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose -
even add a ____________ purpose - to our complex lives. - ✔✔debilitating
Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of [conditioning] greatly extends the scope of the
eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism within such ___________ "(p. 56).
Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a _________
response. - ✔✔stimulus control; novel
According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival
because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __________ and ________ and the
conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively ___________ and can often be
manipulated". - ✔✔prediction; control; accessible
___________ is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime. - ✔✔Ontongeny
_____________ is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species. -
✔✔Phylogeny
It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person
viewing a complex _____________ for he first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain
can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does
not mean that it was not _________. However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable
history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208). -
✔✔behavior chain; learned
Moore (2015) stated "_________ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the
___________(p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "_________" behavior; rather, they set
up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in
the context of the environment. - ✔✔genes; environment; cause
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