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Summary globalisation, green and state crime sociology aqa alevel
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sociology notes covering globalisation and green/state crime.
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GLOBALISATION GREEN/STATE CRIME C&D Green/environmental crime: South: types of green crime:Globalisation: world becoming increasingly Wolf: actions breaking laws that protect the environment. Primary green crime: crime directly from destruction of earth’s
interconnected=result of increased trade & cultural Issue=same harmful environmental action=illegal in some resources. E.g. deforestation.
exchange social life exceeds local boundaries = crime countries and not in others. Actions harming environment Secondary green crime: due to defying rules aiming to prevent
become more organised on a global scale. seen as breaking H&S regulations=not seen as criminal environmental disasters, e.g. hazardous waste.
offences. Laws/regulations also change over time. Explanations for green crime: White: due to transnational corp
Globalisation increases following crimes:
Green criminologists: environmentally concerned holding anthropocentric view of world.
Arms trafficking: via crime networks, eastern Europe in
focused on harm to environment as a crime. Anthropocentric: human centred, right to dominate nature
vehicles on ferries/rail routes. Brought/sold on dark web.
Traditional criminologists: too difficult, need concrete Ecocentric: humans/nature interdependent. Both liable to
Smuggling illegal immigrants: organised =human
boundaries, only interested in environmental issues if they exploitation.
trafficking: lorry driver Alievski smuggling ppl into Ashford.
break written laws.
Sex tourism: westerners travel to developing countries for Evaluating green crime:
sex (minors), due to cheaper travel and technology. Examples of green crime: -Green crimin. focus on harm, not breaking law, hard to research.
Trafficking women & children: for prostitution/slavery, -toxic gas in middle east e.g. Iraq/Iran. -question whether harm is caused= political & moral judgement
easier travel & easier migration= easier to be ‘missed’. -Fukushima nuclear disaster/ Chernobyl disaster. instead of empirical/value-free research e.g., all green crimin. may
-deforestation of amazon rainforest, animal cruelty decide to include animal cruelty within definition of crime, some
AO2: Modern slavery- exploited for personal/commercial
-Greece wildfires. include all meat production/consumption of meat, & others consider
gain. Sexually exploited, forced labour & organ harvesting. that normal/acceptable behaviour.
BP oil spill, pollution
Victims vary age gender ethnicity. Tricked/threatened,
unable to leave=fear of intimidation. unaware they’re victims. State crime: Green Problems defining state crime: Authoritarian personality: Many have an extraordinary ability to obey
Increase in cyber-crime: & Ward: Labelling theorists: ‘state authority. People don’t have to be psychopaths to carry out torture e.g.
Crime with help of communication/technology e.g. internet. illegal/deviant crime’=social construct Adolf Eichmann following Hitler’s orders.
Fastest growing crimes= glocal, links to outside the UK. activities committed depends on who/ where/ when Crime of obedience: If order from authority, people obey
by state agencies to you ask the question. regardless of if it is against norms (authorisation).
Detica: financial cybercrimes cost UK £27 billion each year.
state policies. Difficult to research Once committed, pressure to become routine & detached
Different types of cyber-crimes:
State crime offences: Why study it Valid/reliable? (routinisation)
internet-based fraud e.g. Nigerian princess/letter scam
Child pornography -genocidee.g. Transgressive approach, out of enemy portrayed as sub-human, normal morality doesn’t apply
Terrorist website/networking e.g. 2015 ISIS on social Israel/Palestine usual boundaries, define as law (dehumanisation)
media insta snap etc. spread message (high tech jihad) -Torture breaking. G&W: should be Modernity: idea that modern society enable war crimes e.g. the
recruiting from UK terrorist attacks organised. -State sponsored viewed as violations of human holocaust. Division of labour (people only do one job)
Identity theft terrorism rights “state organisational Bureaucratisation (killing into a job)
Global cyber-crime e.g. difficult to police as it is global as -Corrupt policing. deviance involving violation of Instrumental rationality (obsession with reaching goals)
well as police deeming it a low priority. Nazi Germany human rights” Science and technology (railways /gas chambers)
How globalisation has affected crime: Evaluation: war crimes not new in modern societies
Evaluating global
Disorganised capitalism: deregulation, less rules. = less welfare/health less social crimes: Culture of denial:
cohesion/opportunity= crime to get lifestyle promoted in media.
😊Interconnectedness Stage 1: state say it didn’t happen.
Growing inequality Taylor: winners=rich investors, losers=workers in developing countries. =
growing relative deprivation = crime. helps global law Stage 2: if it did, it was something else, not our fault.
Cultural globalisation & ideology of consumerism: mass tourism, migration media influence spreads enforcement agencies Stage 3: even if it did happen, it was justified.
similar culture/ideology of consumerism. All exposed to ‘good life’= western products. Young: many share info, e.g. terrorism.
have a little chance of achieving, =crime e.g. drug trade & human trafficking for illegal migration & ☹-global crimes large companies switch production, Researcher South
prostitution. =complex/hidden hard developing countries: (AO3) Detica White
Supply & demand: emigrate to west better life, but immigration made difficult, = illegal human for sociologists to test rich= global tax havens = no tax Taylor Green &
trafficking, many in debt leading to slavery to repay women as prostitutes. drug demand = deprived -move countries with low cost/weak H&S Wolf Ward
validity on research of it.
poor farmers grow coca/opium. Poor countries= sell organs for transplants=Organised crime networks. laws =exploitation/neg. environment effects Young
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