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RKMFILES CENTER FORCOMPREHENSIVE STUDIES
Room 309, 3rd Floor A-Building, Main AUF Campus, Angeles University Foundation
Email: rkmfiles@yahoo.com Website: www.rkmfiles.net CP: 09088849680
REVIEW NOTES IN
CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY, ETHICS
& HUMAN RELATIONS
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & CRISIS MANAGEMENT
STUDY ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
CRIMINOLOGICAL (POLICE) ETHICS
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
COMPILED BY:
LUCIA M. HIPOLITO -- ROMMEL K. MANWONG -- ALFIE P. SARMIENTO
www.rkmfiles.net 1
, INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY defined
Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon (Tradio,
1999). It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes and
control and the treatment of criminals.
Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995). This means that many disciplines are
involved in the collection of knowledge about criminal action, including, psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology,
neurology, political science and economics. But over the years, sociology, psychology, and psychiatry have dominated
the study of crime.
Sub-Fields of Criminology
Sociological Criminology – the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole. It is
primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables to crime. Variables such as
socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in
relation to the environmental factors that are most conducive to criminal action, such as time, place, and circumstances
surrounding the crime.
Psychological Criminology – the science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal. It is focused on
the individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified. Both the environmental and
personality influences are considered, along with the mental processes that mediate the behavior.
Psychiatric Criminology – the science that deals with the study of crime through forensic psychiatry, the
study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the individual. (Psychoanalytic Theory -
Sigmund Freud – traditional view). It also explains that criminals are acting out of uncontrollable animalistic,
unconscious, or biological urges (modern view).
Scope of the Study of Criminology
1. Criminal Behavior or Criminal Etiology - the scientific analysis of the causes of crime;
2. Sociology of Law - the study of law and its application;
3. Penology or Correction - the study that deals with punishment and the treatment of criminals;
4. Criminalistics or Forensic Science - one more area of concern in crime detection and investigation.
Nature of Criminology
Understanding crime is as complex as other fields of interest. It requires therefore a systematic and balanced
knowledge in the examination of why they exist. In this sense, criminology is:
1. An Applied Science – Anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be applied in
the study of the causes of crime while chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. maybe utilized in
crime detection.
2. A Social Science – Inasmuch as crime is a societal creation and that it exists in a society, its study must be
considered a part of social science.
3. Dynamic – Criminology changes as social condition changes. That means the progress of criminology is
concordant with the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it.
4. Nationalistic – The study of crime must always be in relation with the existing criminal law with in the
territory.
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,OBJECT OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY
CRIME
In as much as the definition of crime is concerned, many field of study like law, sociology and psychology
have their respective emphasis on what crime is.
Crime may be defined as:
An act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point of view.
An anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of society; they are the
unacceptable acts in its social definition.
Psychologically, crime is an act, which is considered undesirable due to behavioral maladjustment of the
offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or abnormal behaviors.
CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.
Offense – is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws ( a special law is a statute enacted by
Congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment to the Revised Penal Code) such as Republic
Acts, Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and
Regulations ( Reyes, 1960)
Felony – is an act or mission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the criminal law in the
Philippines (Reyes, 1960).
Delinquency/Misdemeanor – acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations usually referring to
acts committed by minor offenders.
Criminological Classification of Crime
Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding on their existence. Criminologists consider the
following as criminological classification of crimes (Criminology Reviewer, 1996).
Acquisitive and Extinctive Crimes - Acquisitive Crime is one which when committed, the offender
acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act. The crime is extinctive when the result of criminal
act is destruction.
Seasonal and Situational Crimes - Seasonal crimes are those that are committed only at certain period of
the year while situational crimes are those that are committed only when given a situation conducive to its
commission.
Episodic and Instant Crimes - Episodic crimes are serial crimes; they are committed by series of act within
a lengthy space of time. Instant crimes are those that are committed the shortest possible time.
Static and Continuing Crimes - Static crimes are crimes that are committed only in one place. Continuing
crime are crimes that are committed in several places.
Rational and Irrational Crimes - Rational crimes are those committed with intent; offender is in full
possession of his mental faculties /capabilities while Irrational crimes are committed without intent; offender
does not know the nature of his act.
White Collar and Blue Collar Crimes - White Collar Crimes are those committed by a person of
responsibility and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities. Blue Collar
Crimes are those committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood.
Upper World and Underworld Crimes - Upper World Crimes are those committed by individuals belonging
to the upper class of society. Under World Crime are committed by members of the lower or under privilege
class of society.
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, Crimes by Imitation and Crimes by Passion - Crimes by Imitation are crimes committed by merely
duplication of what was done by others. Crimes by Passion are crimes committed because of the fit of great
emotions.
Service Crimes - Service Crime refers to crimes committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire of
another.
Legal Classification of Crimes
Under the law, crimes are classified as:
Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations -
Example – Treason, Espionage, Piracy
Crimes against the Fundamental Law of the State.
Example – Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile
Crimes against Public Order.
Example – Rebellion, Sedition, Coup d’tat
Crimes against Public Interest.
Example – Forgery, Falsification, Fraud
Crimes against Public Morals
Example – Gambling and betting, offences against decency and good customs like scandals,
obscenity, vagrancy, and prostitution
Crimes Committed by Public Officers
Example – Malfeasance and Misfeasance
Crimes against Person
Example – Murder, Rape, Physical Injuries
Crimes against Properties
Example – Robbery, Theft
Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Example – Illegal Detention, Kidnapping, Trespass to Dwelling, Threat and Coercion
Crimes against Chastity
Example – Concubinage, Adultery, Seduction, Abduction, Acts of Lasciviousness
Crimes against Civil Status of Persons
Example – Bigamy and Other Illegal Marriages
Crimes against Honor
Example – Libel, Oral Defamation
Quasi-offenses or Criminal Negligence
Example – Imprudence and Negligence
THE CRIMINAL
On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the violation of a criminal law. (legal
definition)
A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (social definition)
A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (psychological definition)
Criminological Classification of Criminals
Based on Etiology
Acute Criminal is one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion. They commit
passionate crimes.
Chronic Criminal is one who commits crime acted in consonance of deliberated thinking. He plans the crime
ahead of time. They are the targeted offenders.
www.rkmfiles.net 4
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