Class notes for BIOL 121 (Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology)
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Course
BIOL121
Institution
University Of British Columbia (UBC
)
Detailed notes on basic concepts of genetics, evolution, and ecology at a first-year level. Color coding/highlighting, drawings, pictures, and other features to aid learning. Examples and definitions provided.
-
cells rise to new cells via division
> giving
Inheritance - SCALE MATTERS !
of
· changes infreq
alleles ove r time
, ME
of ancestral of ancestral
population splitting
·
>
-
species
populations populations
>
-
population
into 2 evolve
independently
If
*
population is smaller
,
inbreeding
is more
likely
& clearer
SEX vs GENDER IN GENETICS
>
-
depends on the
legg
gamates female or
sparm
in
animals)
plants have both make a
parts
X
>
-
there are identities that don't conform to "Sex"
but
types
have have
some
mating
X
no sax
that has
mating typa
X
anything
can mate
wy the same
to
prevent inbreeding/self-fertilization
BASIC ANIMAL LIFE CYCLE
MELOSIS of material makes
hereditary
:
-
amount cut in 2
,
followed
gametes by plasmogamy
-
FERTILIZATION of material
hereditary
- : normal amount is
restored
MITOSIS cell divisions
responsible for growth
- :
* WHY HAPLOID ? It is connected
to the same centromove , it
chromatids ! to
hasI
be
be
2
diploid,
It would have to
of the
phys
.
separate copies chrom .
PRIOR TO DNA REPLICATION POST DNA REPLICATION
(diploids)
my Exy-
*
+
axy
wxyt
& ↑
, >
-
CELL THEORY :
of of
- all
organisms
come from
are made cells
(description pattern)
cells (mechanism
pre-existing
-
all cells
>
-
4 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE :
-
G1 :
first
cell
gap after mitosis
growth gaining cytoplasm
·
,
increase size
,
S DNA
Synthesis
-
:
chromosomes
copied
·
are
22 : second
gap
-
check)
for division (like
pre-flight
·
a
prop
-
M : mitosis
·
nuclear division
·
cell division
now
genetic
matter
partition between nuclei
·
fallsof the end of mitosis !
cytokinesis usually
·
>
-
MITOSIS OVERVIEW :
1) cell 4
parent unreplicated chromosomes
:
2)
parent call 4
replicated chromosomes
:
3) start of mitosis
replicated chrom condense
.
a
4) sister chromatics
during
cells
mitosis
formed
,
separate ,
2
daughter
by cytokinesis
are
>
-
HAPLOID US DIPLOID
If there each o
-
chromatia)
B (or
-
ar chromosome 1
all is
naploid
-
IMPORTANT !!! I
* EX : cell has
humans a
gamete fertilized
23
haploid
In or
,
different chromosomes w/
gamete /
when
-
is
another
getneed
intercourse
(egg sparm) ,
it
will turn know this a
diploid) means
egg
-
It has one of each chromosome from &
egg sparm
,
resulting chromosomes
cell
in a
diploid w/ 46
>
-
PLOIDY CONCEPT
the # of cell
ploidy
-
: chromosome sats in a
diploid cells each chrom has a
"partner" (another
-
in ,
chrom.
coding
for the
differ ,
same
but
gene)
generally
the alleles the
genes
-
are
the same
may
these
separated (IN
during partners
-
melosis ,
are
becomes N) and
resulting daughter
cells are
haploid
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