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Class notes for BIOL 121 (Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology) $11.23
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Class notes for BIOL 121 (Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology)

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Detailed notes on basic concepts of genetics, evolution, and ecology at a first-year level. Color coding/highlighting, drawings, pictures, and other features to aid learning. Examples and definitions provided.

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  • July 4, 2024
  • 41
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Brett couch
  • All classes
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,LIFE CYCLES
parents &
offspring
-

-
cells rise to new cells via division
> giving
Inheritance - SCALE MATTERS !
of
· changes infreq
alleles ove r time
, ME
of ancestral of ancestral
population splitting
·
>
-
species
populations populations
>
-
population
into 2 evolve


independently
If
*
population is smaller
,
inbreeding
is more
likely
& clearer


SEX vs GENDER IN GENETICS
>
-

depends on the
legg
gamates female or
sparm
in
animals)
plants have both make a
parts
X


>
-
there are identities that don't conform to "Sex"
but
types
have have
some
mating
X
no sax

that has
mating typa
X

anything
can mate
wy the same

to
prevent inbreeding/self-fertilization
BASIC ANIMAL LIFE CYCLE
MELOSIS of material makes
hereditary
:
-
amount cut in 2
,

followed
gametes by plasmogamy
-




FERTILIZATION of material
hereditary
- : normal amount is
restored
MITOSIS cell divisions
responsible for growth
- :




#gametes haploid ,
diploid organism


ANIMALLC PLANT LC
mitotic divisions

mitotic
divisions diploid
2N phase
2N ~
fertilization
(N) naploid
melosis

haploid
gametes Phase
melosis mitotic divisions
fautilization
* does not make
melosis
always gametes ,
makes
spores

,CHROMOSOMES & MITOSIS
>
-
DNA
packed w/ double-helly
-
histone
protein
Bere
*
=
-








DNA
- UNDERSTANDING MUTATION :



9)Info flows from DNA-> RNA -
>
proteins
b) DNA sequence defines the
genotype ; proteins create


a)
the
prenotype
changes genotype may
in result
changes phenotype
in in




* mutation results in new allele ... atc ?
alter
*
change
affect
in DNA
sequence
can
gene production which
can
phenotype
>
- CHROMOSOME DRAWINGS :




DOUBLE STRANDED MOL .
HAPLOID CELL
(condensed chrom)


nucleus

-

& D
ar m
-




centromere
=
-
I
-
chrom
wxy

* WHY HAPLOID ? It is connected
to the same centromove , it
chromatids ! to
hasI
be
be
2
diploid,
It would have to
of the
phys
.
separate copies chrom .




PRIOR TO DNA REPLICATION POST DNA REPLICATION
(diploids)


my Exy-
*
+

axy
wxyt
& ↑

, >
-
CELL THEORY :


of of
- all
organisms
come from
are made cells
(description pattern)
cells (mechanism
pre-existing
-

all cells


>
-
4 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE :


-
G1 :
first
cell
gap after mitosis
growth gaining cytoplasm
·

,
increase size
,

S DNA
Synthesis
-
:



chromosomes
copied
·
are

22 : second
gap
-




check)
for division (like
pre-flight
·
a
prop
-

M : mitosis
·
nuclear division
·
cell division

now
genetic
matter
partition between nuclei
·




fallsof the end of mitosis !
cytokinesis usually
·




>
-
MITOSIS OVERVIEW :


1) cell 4
parent unreplicated chromosomes
:



2)
parent call 4
replicated chromosomes
:



3) start of mitosis
replicated chrom condense
.
a

4) sister chromatics
during
cells
mitosis
formed
,
separate ,
2
daughter
by cytokinesis
are



>
-
HAPLOID US DIPLOID

If there each o
-




chromatia)
B (or
-

ar chromosome 1

all is
naploid
-

IMPORTANT !!! I
* EX : cell has
humans a
gamete fertilized
23
haploid
In or
,

different chromosomes w/
gamete /
when
-

is
another
getneed
intercourse
(egg sparm) ,
it
will turn know this a
diploid) means
egg
-




It has one of each chromosome from &
egg sparm
,

resulting chromosomes
cell
in a
diploid w/ 46
>
-
PLOIDY CONCEPT
the # of cell
ploidy
-
: chromosome sats in a


diploid cells each chrom has a
"partner" (another
-

in ,

chrom.
coding
for the
differ ,
same

but
gene)
generally
the alleles the
genes
-
are

the same
may
these
separated (IN
during partners
-
melosis ,
are

becomes N) and
resulting daughter
cells are
haploid

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