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Summary Transport in Animals - Complete Biology IGCSE Notes
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Summary of 5 pages for the course Unit 9 - Transport in animals at CIE (FULL Notes)
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, transport in animals·
blood
·
plasma-fluid that surrounds blood cells and carries useful substances and waste substances
red blood cells cell that carries
throughout the body
·
oxygen
-
·
no nucleus present to allow more numbers of haemoglobin to carry more oxygen molecules
·
bi-concave shape increase surface area to volume ratio which aids diffusion
Its small size enables them to squeeze the thinnest capillaries (diameter slightly bigger
·
in is than the average diameter
of a capillary) to ensure
gas exchange as the cell is forced to slow down
·
old red blood cells are broken in the liver ,
spleen and bone marrow
(the cells last for approx
. 4 months
·
iron from the haemoglobin is either stored or used to make new red blood cells or turned into bile and excreted
pigment
·
oxyhaemoglobin-end result of oxygen attaching to the haemoglobin
·
oxyhaemoglobin-bright red ·
without
oxygen-dull red
·
bilirubin-yellow pigment that is produced when a red blood cells break down
·
haemoglobin (protein) -
red pigmentation that contains iron that readily combines with
oxygen
·
pathway of red blood cells , oxygen and CO2
·
pathway of red blood cells and urea
↓ O2 is inhaled into the
lungs 1 urea from the liver diffuses into the blood
.
2 Oz from the alveoli diffuse into the blood .
2 the blood travels to the
kidneys
.
3 Oz + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin . some
3 and diffuses into the
urea CO2
Kidney
=
cells
red blood cells travel to the the process will be repeated several times to
4
.
body's cells full removal
·
ensure a
.
5 Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down to release
oxygen of the waste substances
body the process has to be repeated several times as the blood
. Oxygen diffuses
6 into the cells
bypass the
·
. CO2 diffuses into the blood and
7 binds kidneys and the liver
with the
haemoglobin
filtration slightly kidneys but small
is slow the
. red
8 in of
·
blood cells travel towards the heart amounts urea
and CO2 is still removed
.
9 red blood cells travel to the lungs
·
white blood cells -
largest types of blood cells
·
large and lobed nucleus and can
change in
shape
·
phagocytes -
a type of white blood cells that protect
the body by fighting and emulsifying pathogens in
lymphocytes
called
a process phagocytosis phagocytes
·
lymphocytes -
cells that produce antibodies and antitoxins
·
pathogens-micro-organisms that can cause diseases
higher number of white blood cells
produced as when the to fight the infection
·
a person is sick as body is releasing more cells
·
platelets -
small fragments that have broken off from larger cells
Its function to form blood clots and of the loss of blood
prevention
·
was
·
clotting prevents further loss of blood and entry of harmful bacteria
·
no nucleus and its size is smaller than red and white blood cells
1. when the platelets bump into the rough edges of a cut it releases a chemical
.
2 the damaged tissues around the blood vessels also release chemicals
.
3 chemicals causes the fibrinogen to turn to fibrin which creates a "net
"
4. red blood cells are trapped in this net forming a blood clot
.
5 the clot dries and form a scab which protects the cut while new skin grows
·
fibrinogen -
a soluble plasma protein used i
for
clotting wounds
fibrin an insoluble substance created from fibrinogen "net
chemicals and used
clotting by creating
·
-
+ "
in a
·
Why is it important not to
pick on a scab ?
picking off scab leave the wound underneath vulnerable to infection
a can and lengthen recovery periods
·
can
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