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Summary the Bosnian Crisis of 1908
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Text of an oral presentation in English on the 1908 crisis in Bosnia
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THE BOSNIAN CRISISintroduction
The mid-1870s witnessed a series of violent rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Balkans,
and equally violent and repressive responses from the Turks. The bosnian crisis of 1908
was a regional crisis connected to international tensions caused by the annexation by
Austria-Hungary of the Balkan provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Up until 1878, Bosnia and Herwegovia was under Ottoman rule.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional
Bosnian nation and viewed Bosnia as "speaking the Bosnian language and divided into
three religions with equal rights." Indeed, the neighbours of Bosnia were Serbia, that was
Orthodox, Croatia, that was Catholic and the Ottoman Empire that was muslim. Therefore,
the Bosnian population was religiously divided. They wanted to marginalize the ideas of
Serbian and Croatian nationhood among Bosnia's Orthodox and Catholic communities
so we will wonder:
Why did the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 lay the foundation to the World War ?
In order to do so, we will first talk about the austrian occupation of Bosnia, then we will see
the reaction of the Ottoman Empire and of Serbia. Then, we Russia's reaction and the
reinforcement of European alliances. Finally, we will see how this crisis affected the start of
the First World War.
I/ the austrian occupation of Bosnia
During the Congress of Berlin of 1878, it was decided by representatives of the major
European powers and the Ottoman Empire who met to share out territory after the
Russo-Turkish war that the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and the Herzegovina should be "
occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary." Austria-Hungary was therefore granted the
right to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to provide a counterweight
to Russian power in the Balkans. However, this arrangement aggravated the conflicts in the
region and led to numerous revolts.
The Ottoman Empire only agreed to sign the Treaty under the condition that the Occupation
would be provisional and that a convention (that was signed in April in Constantinople )
would settle other conditions. The treaty of Berlin assured Austria-Hungary the right of
military occupation in the provinces.
From an early date, Austria-Hungary desired to convert the occupation into an annexation. It
insisted, therefore, as a condition of joining the Three Emperors’ League of 1881, that "
Austria-Hungary reserves the right to annex the provinces at whatever moment she shall
deem opportune."
The League of the Three Emperors was an alliance between the German, Russian and
Austro-Hungarian Empires, from 1873 to 1887. It was formed by the Chancellor Bismarck to
create a peaceful Europe.
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