Chapter 11 - Human Development
germinal stage- ✅✅ prenatal stage between conception - 2 weeks
conception, implantation, formation of placenta
embryonic stage- ✅✅ prenatal stage between 2 weeks - 2 months
formation of vital organs and systems
fetal stage- ✅✅ prenatal stage between 2 months - birth
bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply
age of viability
during pregnancy, what is severe malnutrition linked to? (2)- ✅✅ birth complications
neurological problems
what is moderate malnutrition during pregnancy linked to?- ✅✅ psychopathy in
adolescence and adulthood
what is maternal drug use linked to in adulthood? (3)- ✅✅ depression
suicide
criminal behaviour
cephalocaudal trend- ✅✅ head to foot
babies gain control of the top of their body first
proximodistal trend- ✅✅ centre-outward
babies motor control begins in the centre of body, then moves outward
✅✅ gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint
maturation-
temperament-✅✅ an individual’s characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional
reactivity
longitudinal designs-✅✅ track one group over time to assess them
cross-sectional designs-✅✅ comparing groups at one point in time
what are the 3 basic temperamental styles?-✅✅ easy
slow to warm up
difficult
, ✅✅
what temperamental style describes a baby who is happy, sleeps regularly, and eats
well?- easy
✅✅
what temperamental style describes a baby who is less cheery, sleeps and eats well
sometimes, and takes time to adjust to change?- slow to warm up
✅✅
what temperamental style describes a baby who is irritable, has emotional reactivity to
change, and is erratic with sleeping and eating?- difficult
what did thomas, chess, and birch study?- ✅✅ the 3 basic temperamental styles of
babies
what temperamental style is most likely to have mood problems?- ✅✅ difficult
what did kagan and snidman study?- ✅✅ inhibited vs. uninhibited temperament
✅✅
does a baby who is shy, wary and timid have an inhibited or an uninhibited
temperament?- inhibited
✅✅
does a baby who has less restraint and less fear have an inhibited or an uninhibited
temperament?- uninhibited
what can alter a child’s temperament?- ✅✅ parental reactions
attachment- ✅✅ close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and
their caregivers
✅✅ MONKEYS!!!! and attachment
what did harlow study?-
what was the conclusion to harlow’s experiments?-✅✅ attachment to mothers is from
comfort, not nursing
what did john bowlby add onto harlow’s research? (2)- ✅✅ said attachment wasn’t
learned, rather it is biological.
said babies do cute things so caregivers want to keep them safe.
what did ainsworth study?- ✅✅ separation anxiety, tested attachment in conditions
where the mother left the room
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