SANS GISCP and GIAC Security 401
Ack Piggybacking - CORRECT ANSWER-The Practice of sending an ACK inside
another packet going to the same destination
Address resolution protocol - CORRECT ANSWER-Protocol for mapping an IP
address to a physical machine address that is recognized on the local network.
A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to maintain a correlation between
each MAC and its corresponding IP address
What are the five threat vectors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Outside attack from
network
Outsider attack from telephone
Insider attack from local network
insider attack from local system
attack from malicious code
What are some external threat concerns? - CORRECT ANSWER--Malicious
code might execute destructive overwrite to hard disks
-Malicious mas mailing code might expose sensitive information to the internet
- web server compromise might expose organization to ridicule
- Web server compromise might expose customer private data
What are some ways to bypass firewall protections? - CORRECT ANSWER--
Worms and Wireless
- modems
- tunnel anything through HTTP
- social engineering
What is social engineering? - CORRECT ANSWER-- attempt to manipulate or
trick a person into providing information or access
- bypass network security by exploiting humans
- vector is often outside attack by telephone or visitor inside
What is Hping? - CORRECT ANSWER-- a TCP version of ping
- sends custom TCP packets to a host and listens for replies
,- enables port scanning and spoofing simultaneously
What is a group? - CORRECT ANSWER-A group means multiple iterations won't
matter. If you encrypt with a key, then re-encrypt, it's the same as using one key.
What is a port scan? - CORRECT ANSWER-- common backdoor to open a port
- port scan scans for open ports on remote host
- scans 0 - 65,535 twice. TCP and UDP
What is nmap? - CORRECT ANSWER-Network scanner.
What are nmap scanning techniques? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Full open
- half open (stealth scan)
- UDP
- Ping
What is network stumbler? - CORRECT ANSWER-- free windows based wireless
scanner for 802.1b
- detects access point settings
- supports GSP integration
- identifies networks as encrypted or unencrypted
What is Kismet? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Free linux WLAN analysis tool
- completely passive, cannot be detected
- supports advanced GPS integration and mapping features
- used for wardriving, WLAN vulerability assessment
What is Wardriving? - CORRECT ANSWER-Going around with equipment to
detect wireless networks
What is War Dialing? - CORRECT ANSWER-- trying to ID modems in a
telephone exchange that may be susceptible to compromise
What are some Pen Test techniques? - CORRECT ANSWER-- War dialing
- war driving
- Sniffing
- eavesdropping
,- dumpster diving
- social engineering
What is IDS? - CORRECT ANSWER-- intrusion detection system
- it reports attacks against monitored systems/networks
What is IDS not? - CORRECT ANSWER-- not a replacement for firewalls,
hardening, strong policies, or other DiD methods
- low maintenance
- inexpensive
What are the four types of events reported by IDS? - CORRECT ANSWER-- true
positive
- false positive
- true negative
- false negative
How does IDS signature analysis work? - CORRECT ANSWER-- rules indicate
criteria in packets that represent events of interest
- rules are applied to packets as they are received
- alerts are created when matches are found
How does anomaly analysis work? - CORRECT ANSWER-- flags anomalous
conditions in traffic on the network
- requires understanding on what is normal
- bases good traffic as a baseline
What is deep packet inspection? - CORRECT ANSWER-- slow, requires stateful
data tracking
- inspects all fields, including variable-length fields
What is shallow packet inspection? - CORRECT ANSWER-- fast, with little
fidelity
- examines header information and limited payload data
What is Honeyd? - CORRECT ANSWER-- low interaction production honeypot
- network daemon that can simulate other hosts
, - each host can appear as a different OS
What is a netcat listener? - CORRECT ANSWER-- simplest form of a research
honeypot
- useful in identifying nature of TCP scans, allows attacker to complete 3-way
handshake
- listens on a defined port, logs incoming requests for analysis
What are some disadvantages of honeypots? - CORRECT ANSWER-- improper
deployment can increase attack risk - if production systems aren't sufficiently
protected, they can be vulnerable from a honeypot
- legal liability
What are some honeypot advantages? - CORRECT ANSWER-- provides insight
into the tactics, motives, and attacker tools
What is a honeypot? - CORRECT ANSWER-- a system resource that has no
legitimate purpose or reason for someone to connect to it
- its purpose is to draw in attackers to understand how they break into a system
What is a proxy or application gateway? - CORRECT ANSWER-- maintains
complete TCP connection state and sequencing through 2 connections
- address translation built-in by virtue of second connection above
What is a stateful firewall? - CORRECT ANSWER-Stateful firewalls maintain
state of traffic flows
What is No State Inspection ACK flag set? - CORRECT ANSWER-packet filter
firewalls rely on TCP flags to determine connection state. Attacker can send ACK
packets only to bypass firewall.
What is IDS data normalization? - CORRECT ANSWER-- used by IDS for a
baseline before analysis
- attackers will try to de-normalize traffic to evade detection
- IDS will normalize data for understood protocols
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