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Summary AQA A level psychology memory - misleading information
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Summary of 3 pages for the course Memory at AQA (Detailed A01 + A03)
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L7 - eyewitness testimonies (EWT) misleading information :Eyewitness testimony = is the ability of people remembering detail of events such as
accidents/crimes, which they have observed themselves
Accuracy eyewitness testimonies can be affected by misleading information
Misleading information - refers to incorrect information given to eyewitness , usually
after the event = can take form as leading questions or post-event discussions
leading question impacting EWT post event discussion impacting EWT
loftus and palmer (1974) Gabbert et al (2003)
A: using different verbs to describe speed of A: post event discussion between two people
car would im[act ppts recall of event can impact recall of event
P: 45 ppts student + watch a film of a car P: studies ppts in pairs, each ppts watch
accident + asked questions such as how fast video of same crime but from different angles
cars were traveling before the ——- each = some were able to see more than others =
other then asked to discuss with each other before
5 different groups of ppts (independent completing test of recall individually
measures) R+C : 71% ppts mistakenly recalled aspects
Each group given different verbs in question of event they were not shown from angle they
e.g. collided , smashed saw it in
Results compared to a control group who had
R+C: calculate mean estimate speed 0 discussion = mistakes 0%
- contacted verb condition - 31.9mph Can cause inaccurate recall of events
- Smashed verb condition - 40.5
- Leading Question biased EW recall of event
why post-event discussion affect EWT:
why do leading question affect EWT: Memory contamination = when discussing
EWT can be altered and distorted = combine
Response bias = wording of question doesn’t misinformation from other witnesses with their
impact EW memory, influences them to own memories
answer differently e.g when used smashed
verb - ppts chose a higher speed estimate Memory conformity = witnesses go along with
others to win social approval / because they
Substitution = loftus and palmer conducted a believe they are wrong (doesn’t know full
second experiment - suggests that changing picture)
the phrasing of question can lead changes to
memory of film clip = ppts who heard ‘smash’
were more likely to report seeing broken
glass even if there was none than those who
heard the verb ‘hit’ - leading question does
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