Exam (elaborations)
Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guide - Pharmacology (NSG 124) well answered Questions
- Course
- Institution
Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guide - Pharmacology (NSG 124) well answered Questions
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
ACTUALSTUDY
Reviews received
Content preview
11/22/23, 6:46 PM Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guideNSG 124 Pharmacology
EXAM 2 (Module 5,
6, 7, & 8)
Module 5
Subcategories:
Antibacterial Drugs (Narrow Spectrum)
Gram-Pos Cocci / Gram-Pos Bacilli
● Penicillin G and V,
● Penicillinase-resistant penicillins: oxacillin, nafcillin
● Vancomycin
● Erythromycin
● Clindamycin
Gram-Neg Aerobes
● Aminogycosides: Gentamicin, others,
● Cephalosporins (1st and 2nd generation)
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
● Isoniazad,
● Rifampin
● Ethambutol
● Pyrazinamide
Antibacterial Drugs (Broad Spectrum)
Gram-Pos Cocci/ Gram-Neg Bacilli
● Broad-spectrum penicillin
● Extended-spectrum penicillin
● Cephalosporins (3rd and 5th generation),
● Tetracyclines
● Carbapenems: imipenem
● Trimethoprim
about:blank 1/36
,11/22/23, 6:46 PM Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guide
● Sulfonamides: Sulfisoxazol
● Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, others
Antiviral Drugs
Drugs for HIV infection:
● Reverse transcription inhibitors: zidovudine
● Protease inhibitors: ritonavir
● Fusion inhibitor: enfuvirtide
● Integrase inhibitor: ralegravir
● CCR5 antagonist: maraviroc
Drugs for Influenza
● Adamantanes: amantadine
● Neuraminidase inhibitor: oseltamivir
Other Antiviral Drugs
● Acyclovir
● Ribavirin
● Interferon alfa
Antifungal Drugs:
● Polyene antibiotics: amphotericin B
● Azoles: Itraconazole
● Echinocandins: caspofungin
NSG124.05.01.02 Antibiotic Dosing, Duration, & Rationale for Combination Therapy
Dosage and Duration of treatment:
● Success requires that the antibiotic be present at the site of infection in an effective
concentration for a sufficient time. Dosages should be adjusted to produce drug
concentrations that are equal to or greater than the MIC for the infection being
treated. Drug levels 4 to 8 times the MIC are often desirable.
about:blank 2/36
,11/22/23, 6:46 PM Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guide
● Duration of therapy depends on a number of variables, including the status of host
defenses, the site of the infection, and the identity of the infecting organism. It is
imperative that antibiotics not be discontinued prematurely.
Therapy with antibiotics combination:
● Under these well-defined conditions, the use of multiple drugs may be lifesaving.
● Initial Therapy of Severe Infection of unknown etiology, especially in the neutropenic
host.
● Mixed Infections
● Preventing Resistance- there is one infectious disease—tuberculosis—in which drug
combinations are employed for the specific purpose of suppressing the emergence of
resistant bacteria.
● Decreased Toxicity
● Enhanced Antibacterial Action
Disadvantages of Antibiotic Combinations
● Increased risk of toxic and allergic reactions
● Possible antagonism of antimicrobial effects
● Increased risk of superinfection
● Selection of drug-resistant b
NSG124.05.01.03 Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Misuse, & Monitoring
Prophylactic Use:
● Surgery- Decrease the incidence of infection
● Bacterial Endocarditis- Individuals with congenital or valvular heart disease and
those with prosthetic heart valves
● Neutropenia
● Other Indications for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis- young women with recurrent
urinary tract infection, prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be
helpful. Oseltamivir (an antiviral agent) may be employed for prophylaxis against
influenza. For individuals who have had severe rheumatic endocarditis, lifelong
prophylaxis may be needed. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is indicated following
exposure to organisms responsible for sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., syphilis,
gonorrhea).
about:blank 3/36
, 11/22/23, 6:46 PM Pharm exam 2 - exam 2 study guide
Misuse of Antimicrobial:
● Attempted Treatment of Viral Infection- The majority of viral infections—including
mumps, chickenpox, and the common cold—do not respond to currently available
drugs. Hence, when drug therapy of these disorders is attempted, patients are exposed
to all the risks of drugs but have no chance of receiving benefits.
● Treatment of Fever of Unknown Origin- Unless the cause of a fever is a proven
infection, antibiotics should not be employed. Improper Dosage
● Treatment in the Absence of Adequate Bacteriologic Information- therapy requires
information on the identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism.
● Omission of Surgical Drainage- Antibiotics may have limited efficacy in the presence
of foreign material, necrotic tissue, or exudate. Hence, when appropriate, surgical
drainage and cleansing should be performed to promote antimicrobial effects.
Monitoring Antimicrobial:
● Various laboratory tests are used to monitor treatment. Serum drug levels may be
monitored for two reasons: to ensure that levels are sufficient for antimicrobial
effects and to avoid toxicity from excessive levels. The success of the therapy is
indicated by the disappearance of infectious organisms from post-treatment cultures.
Cultures may become sterile within hours of the onset of treatment (as may happen
with urinary tract infections), or they may not become sterile for weeks (as may
happen with tuberculosis).
NSG124.05.02.01 Penicillin Action, Use, & Resistance
Broad vs Narrow:
Penicillins weaken the cell wall by two actions:
● (1) inhibition of transpeptidases
● (2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
Bacterial resistance to penicillins is determined primarily by three factors:
● (1) inability of penicillins to reach their targets (PBPs)
● (2) inactivation of penicillins by bacterial enzymes
● 3) production of PBPs that have a low affinity for penicillins
Beta-lactamases are enzymes that cleave the beta-lactam ring and thereby render penicillins
and other beta-lactam antibiotics inactive.
Penicillins fall into four major groups:
● (1) Narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase sensitive. [Penicillin G,
about:blank 4/36
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ACTUALSTUDY. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78834 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now