• This examination covers content learned in weeks 3 and 4 (Nutrition and Metabolism and Urinary System)
• This midterm exam is worth 110 total points, and includes the following types of questions:
o 15 Multiple choice questions
o 5 Multiple answers
o 10 Fill in the blank question
o 2 Ess...
• This examination covers content learned in weeks 3 and 4 (Nutrition and Metabolism and
Urinary System)
• This midterm exam is worth 110 total points, and includes the following types
of questions:
o 15 Multiple choice questions
o 5 Multiple answers
o 10 Fill in the blank question
o 2 Essay questions
• You have 75 minutes to complete the Exam.
Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26)
Q1. Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism
Two crucial and related metabolic processes that take place in living things are anabolism
and catabolism. An input of energy, frequently in the form of ATP, is required for anabolism,
which includes the constructive processes involved in constructing larger and more complex
molecules from smaller ones. This procedure is essential for processes including protein
synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, and lipid synthesis, and it is crucial for development, tissue repair,
and the upkeep of bodily structures. Contrarily, catabolism involves the degradative mechanisms
that reduce bigger molecules into smaller parts while also releasing energy. This energy, which is
frequently stored as ATP, powers a number of cellular processes including active transport,
biosynthesis, and motility. Glycolysis, lipid oxidation, and protein breakdown are a few examples
of catabolic processes. These procedures work together to keep the sensitive.
Q2. Define the terms gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, and glycogenolysis
All of these vital metabolic processes—gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, and
glycogenolysis—play certain functions of regulating glucose levels and generating energy in
, organisms. The metabolic process by which new glucose molecules are generated from non-
carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, mostly in the liver and kidneys, is known
as the synthesis of glucose. When dietary supplies of glucose are inadequate, as they are when
fasting or performing vigorous exercise, this process is crucial for maintaining blood sugar levels.
On the other side, the process of storing glucose is known as glycogenesis. It includes the body's
liver and muscles converting extra glucose molecules into glycogen, a branched chain
carbohydrate. When glucose is required, glycogen may be swiftly broken down to generate energy,
helping to control blood sugar levels and provide the body with fuel during times of elevated
demand.
In the cytoplasm of cells, a major metabolic route called glycolysis includes the conversion
of glucose into pyruvate. A little quantity of ATP and NADH are produced during this process,
along with various intermediates that can take part in further energy generation routes. Glycolysis
is a significant source of energy, especially in cells like red blood cells that have high energy needs
but lack mitochondria.
The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose occurs primarily in the muscles and
liver. It is a system which enables the body to release glucose into the blood when it is required,
such as when there's a need need additional power or when blood glucose levels are low. This
procedure offers an immediate source of energy for multiple bodily functions and aids in
maintaining of healthy blood sugar levels.
Q3 What is the end result of glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration?
The end results of glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are as follows:
1. Glycolysis: One molecule of glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is transformed into two molecules
of pyruvate, a three-carbon substance, as the consequence of glycolysis, a metabolic route
that takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. A tiny quantity of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which can be utilized for cellular energy
generation, are produced by glycolysis along the route.
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