D265 Critical Thinking Already Graded A!
PROPOSITIONS
Are statements that can be true or false
NON-PROPOSITONS
Are sentences that are not statements about matters of fact or fiction. They do not make a claim that
can be true or false.
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can be true or false.
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SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS
,Have no internal logic structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether a
part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own. (Example: Harry Potter wears
glasses. The sky is blue.)
COMPLEX PROPOSITIONS
Have internal logic structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they are true
or false depends on whether their parts are true or false. (Example: The sky is blue, but it does not look
blue to me right now. The cat ate the food, but he did not like it. The GDP of Canada is either $3 trillion
or $12 trillion.)
CONCLUSION INDICATORS
THEREORE, IT FOLLOWS THAT, AS A RESULT, THUS, & CONSEQUENTLY.
Acronym to remember:
ACT IT
As a result
Consequently
Therefore
It follows that
Thus
PREMISE INDICATORS
BECAUSE, FOR, GIVEN THAT, AS, SINCE, AS INDICATED BY & WHEREAS.
Acronym to remember:
, FAB SWAG
For
As
Because
Since
Whereas
As indicated by
Given that
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
-mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition.
INDUCTION ARGUMENTS
Arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable.
-analogies, authority, causal inferences, extrapolations, etc.
INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION OR ABDUCTION
Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation.
FORMAL FALLACY
Concerns the structure of an argument
INFORMAL FALLACY
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