Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
Summary
Summary AQA A Level Biology: Mind Map of Topic 4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
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Course
Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
Institution
AQA
A detailed mind map of topic 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms.
This includes:
3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes
3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis
3.4.3 Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or during meiosis
3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptati...
Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
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meissis p + Meicis P+ 2
rivisions
in sexual reproduction
$11
-
mei cris 1 >
-
DNA Prokaryotes
:
Meioris/ (interphase replication-not apart of meiosis
= DNA
>
- produces daughter cells that are genetically different
in
Eurarycles v
I
- visible from each other and to the parent cell
.
O Prophase 1 : Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes&
homologous Crossing ove r
funaryotes Prokaryotes
which are arranged in pairs ↳
genetic variation via :
Due to -
① Independent segregation of Homologous chromosomes made up of DNA nucleotides (deoxyribose
mudeindle fibres are formed
+ nuclear >
-
may occur
F
breams down sugar ,
pi group , nitrogenous base)
envelope . ↑
1
line up along
Homologous pairs of chromosomes randomly line up
=
② Metaphore 1 Homologous chromosomes :
opposite equator of the cell and
each other at the
>
- Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester
bands
the equator of the cell wh the spindrefiber attached to I
separated by spindle fibres. This creates a large
,
are
>
-
langer >
- shorter
the centromeres
. no . of possible
combinations of chromosomes in the >
- circular
chromosomes are separated daughter cells produced (2mno q homologous Linear
⑤ Anaphase 1 Homologous
: >
-
②crossing
pours
chromosomes to apposite ends over w/
as spindle fibres pull >
- Associated w/ histories >
- not associated histones
of where a chromatid breaks during meiosis and
(
the cell
. =
↳ which >
-
single stranded DNA
furms A
rejoins to the chromatid of its homologous
# Telephase 1 :
Spindle fibres breams down , nucleur
chromosome so that its alleles are
Chromosome (DNA - one or more plasmids
envelope form around the 2 groups of chromosomes exchanged. + histone nucleus
no
parts of the chromatids becomes
= >
-
and nucleoli reform
. trusted >
- double helix
around eachother
(creating a chiasmal, >
- nudery >
-
Histones
⑪ Cytokinesis : Division of
cytoplasm . breaks off due to tension and the broken
organize +
=
chromatid parts recombine w/ another
2 haploid cells
meiosis
Mitochondriats
1
Product of :
Chloroplast condense DNA
chromatid . This results in new combin
-
So that it fits
meiosis ations of alleles.
m e nucleus.
in
short , circular
protein] As
>
-
I sister
No interphase between divisions
-
>
-
>
-
same stages as meiceis / but no independent
-Random fertilisation >
- not associated ul chromiscues chromatica
creates
combine
.
any <gametes may
=
segregation at metaphase 11 and no crossing >
- Double membrane mitochondria-inner
over at prophase 11.
=
formula (an)
-
membrane called the cristal -> matrix
↳ telomeres Encomo
sea the ends
I
>
-
produces 4 haploid cells contains all aerobic enzymes + ribosomes
mitosis of the
.
-
thylakcids) stacked to form grana and
>
It involves a diploid (In) parent cell
Hapkicelset-Dipidcela
-
-
joined together to form lamellae
.
become a haploid (n)
cell
.
to
dividing
-
Introducer genetic-creates genetically
variation identical cells
Topic 4
-
4daughter cells Idang uter cells
-
mutation sexual-for growth t cell repairment
base -
during
se .
chromosomes
in
A reproduction
change
mutations
-
T =
sequence
sequences , which randomly
occur
in DNA base
>
- A
change
environmental factors that
during DNA replication
.
& Metic Diversity
-
increase mutation rate a cells.
- This is more
likely to occur if you are exposed to = the no
·
of differentw ueles of gener
in a
population Structure of
>
-
It enables natural selection it can if there is genetic
as
only occur
a
mutagenic agents (which can interfere w/ DNA within population
mRWA
diversity unt, single
-
-
a .
stranded
replication)
>
-
·
E .
g. High energy radiation (i .
e UV light) ,
Natural selection
.
(gamma+ Xrays) found
I
- >
-
radiation in cytoplasm +
iohising and chemicals = The process that leads to evolution in populations
.
during trans
>
-
carcinogens like cigarette Smoke)
(i e better adapted - in allele free over
made
change
.
.
↳ results in
.
>
-
U base is
present ra
A base can be deleted or substituted for different one In pop
.
a
>
- a . species. many gens .
have an impact on
degenerate codon
. ↳ adaptations may be :
>
-
May not + RNA >
-
20 different
① Anatomical in structural/physical feature
-
in a frameshift and can :
change RNA
>
-
Base deletions results
-
>
-
transfer
② Physiological Biological :
processes within the organism -specific for one amino
change all of the subsequent codons
. This is
behave
⑤ Behavioural : Hoorganism . Has anticodon (comp
>
-
harmful as multiple amino acids may be
-
Involved in translation
.
incorrectly coded for D Aranda mutation occurs , creates n e w allele .
acids to me ribosome
in the environment makes
↳
changing the amino acid sequence ② A selection pressure >
-
structure :
Clover shap
new altere advantageous. base pairs holds the s
Insertion , Deletion has a knock on
effect whilst
⑤ Adv
>
-
.
allele enables survival in the
codon
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