Chemistry IGCSE Revision Already Graded A+
Ionic Bonding ️Between a metal and a non-metal
1) soluble in water - polar water molecules are attracted to the giant 3D crystal lattice and break it apart
2) conduct electricity when molten - when molten, the bonds have broken and the electrons ar...
1) soluble in water - polar water molecules are attracted to the giant 3D crystal lattice and break it apart
2) conduct electricity when molten - when molten, the bonds have broken and the electrons are free to
move and carry charge
3) normally solids at room temperature - ions held in a fixed position by strong bonds
4) higher melting and boiling points - strong ionic bonds in a 3D crystal lattice that take much energy to
break
Covalent Bonding ✔️Between 2 non-metals
1) insoluble in water
2) brittle solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
3) don't conduct electricity when molten
,4) lower melting and boiling points - molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces that are
easy to break
Diatomic Gases: a nitrogen molecule has a triple bond, a carbon dioxide molecule has two double bonds,
an oxygen molecule has two double bonds.
Cation ✔️Positive Ion
Anion ✔️Negative Ion
Metallic Bonding ✔️An array of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons. Most metals are hard and
have high melting points. Good conductors of heat. Malleable and ductile.
Solids ✔️Particles are closely packed in a regular structure. The only movement the particles have is
vibration.
, Liquid ✔️Particles are still mainly touching but some gaps have appeared. Liquids are usually less dense
that the solid.
Gas ✔️Particles are much further apart and there are almost no forces of attraction between them.
Changes of State ✔️Solid --> Liquid - Melting
Liquid --> Solid - Freezing
Liquid --> Gas - Boiling
Gas --> Liquid - Condensing
Solid --> Gas and Gas --> Solid - Sublimation
Diffusion ✔️The spreading out of particles in a gas or a liquid. The lighter the particles, the faster they
diffuse. This is demonstrated by the experiment with cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution at one
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