Thermodynamics- Chemistry Graded A+
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes in chemical reactions and how energy influences those
changes. The system refers to the specific part of the universe being examined, while the surroundings
encompass the rest of the universe.
...
Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes in chemical reactions and how energy influences those
changes. The system refers to the specific part of the universe being examined, while the surroundings
encompass the rest of the universe.
Heat and Temperature
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between a system and its surroundings, measured in terms of the
total amount of energy. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a system.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat will always flow from a hotter object to a colder
one.
Heat Flow
When heat flows into a system from its surroundings, Q is positive. Conversely, when heat flows out of a
system into its surroundings, Q is negative. Endothermic processes absorb energy as heat from their
surroundings, resulting in a positive Q value. Exothermic processes release energy as heat into their
surroundings, resulting in a negative Q value.
Calorimetry
James Joule developed calorimetry, which measures heat flow using a device called a calorimeter. The
calorimeter equation is q = cmΔT, where c is the specific heat capacity and m is the mass of the
substance.
Conversion between Calorie and Joule
One calorie is equivalent to 4.184 Joules (J), and one kilocalorie (Kcal) is equal to 1 Calorie. Nutritional
calories are measured in Kcal, while scientific measurements use Joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ).
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