What is consciousness? - ✅✅ -Our awareness of ourselves and our
environment--the outside world
Can we be influenced by stimuli of which we are unaware? - ✅✅-Yes, it is called
priming.
What is priming? - ✅✅ -When prior exposure to a stimulus influences our behavior
subconsciously. It is the activation of previous associations.
--like if u ask ppl to spell shop and then u ask what u do at a green light-- "stop"
--priming predisposes ur reactions
What are subliminal stimuli? - ✅✅-Sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold
for conscious perception
stimuli that are so faint or weak that u don't consciously perceive them
How effective is subliminal persuasion? - ✅✅ -Can influence people subtly, but has
not had a significant effect in experiments on behavior
-- if u prime w subliminal stimuli like flashing a picture of bread-- ppl can identify the
word butter faster
What is attention? - ✅✅-A concentration or focusing on a mental activity.
What is selective attention? - ✅✅-The focusing of conscious awareness on a
particular stimulus.
--using ur attention to focus on just one thing while ignoring everything else-- if
something changes and u don't notice
What is the cocktail party effect? - ✅✅-situations where we r able to pay attention
to just one convo or one voice when there are many convos going on around us--
you can choose what to focus on and what to ignore
--but if someone in a nearby converstion mentions your name, it immediately grabs
your attention, so that suggests your unconsciously monitering these other
conversations
What is divided attention? - ✅✅-Paying attention to two things at once so more
tasks can be performed at the same time-- its difficult bc attention is a limited
resource
,How does dividing attention affect accuracy? - ✅✅ -Accuracy decreases as
attention divides; brain switches from one task to the other too quickly
the more u try to do the less accurate you'll be
What is change blindness? - ✅✅ -Failing to notice substantial changes in the
environment and generally the change is something u would think u would notice if u
knew abut it ahead of time
what is sleep -✅✅-natural periodic suspension of consciousness involve
deceased movement and responses
What is a circadian rhythm? - ✅✅ -A cycle of behavior and physiology that
regulates our internal body clock.-- repeat every 24 hours
What structure controls circadian rhythms? - ✅✅-Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
of the hypothalamus.
✅✅
What are some factors influencing whether a person tends to be more alert in the
morning or evening? - -Age, genetic dispositions, gender, sunlight/surrounding
environment.
What are circadian low-points (when are people at their sleepiest)? - ✅✅ -Circadian
low points occur from 2:00 to 6:00 am and, to a lesser extent, from 2:00 to 6:00 pm.
Typically we have a sleep debt, so sleepiness often becomes manifest in the
afternoons.
theres a drop in performance and increase in accidents
1-4 am and pm
What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure? - ✅✅-An EEG measures
synchronous activity of neurons, or brain waves.
each EEG has a distinctive pattern of brain waves associated w it
What are the stages of sleep? - ✅✅
-1) Alpha Waves
2) NREM-1 (non-rapid-eye-movement)
3) NREM-2
4) NREM-3 (delta waves)
5) NREM-2 again
6) REM sleep
NREM-1 - ✅✅---lightest stage of sleep
, --easy to wake someone up
--common for hallucinations to occur-- like when you think you're falling
NREM-2 - ✅✅ --deeper than NREM 1
-spend more time in this stage than the others
NREM-3 - ✅✅ --slow wave sleep, bc of low freq brain waves
-deepest stage of sleep
-very low heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and body temp
-ppl are most likely to sleep walk, sleep talk and wet the bed
REM sleep - ✅✅ --stands for Rapid Eye Movement
-most dreaming happens here
-"paradoxical sleep"-- you're asleep but internally everything is active-- ur brain gets
more oxygen than when ur awake and heart rate and blood pressure are like what
they r when ur awake
-sleep paralysis- u can't move
Sleep Cycle - ✅✅-NR1 -> NR2 -> NR3 -> NR2 -> REM
✅✅
How do EEG recordings (brain waves) change during the stages of sleep? -
-The wavelength and amplitude both increase.
✅✅
In what order does one progress through the sleep stages during a complete sleep
cycle? - -1) Alpha waves right before and as you fall asleep
2) NREM-1 very light, easily awakened sleep where you might hallucinate briefly
3) NREM-2 deeper sleep with rapid burst of brain activity
4) NREM-3 deep, slow-wave sleep producing large delta waves
5) then back through NREM-2
6) REM where you dream
✅✅-NREM-2 and NREM-3
What is slow-wave sleep? -
What happens during REM sleep? - ✅✅-Heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid
and irregular, and every 30 seconds your eyes dart around. This all contributes to
dreaming.
Why is REM sleep paradoxical? - ✅✅ -The brain's motor cortex is active, but your
brainstem blocks the messages. You are essentially paralyzed and in a very deep
sleep, but your brain is extremely active.
Do other animals dream? - ✅✅-All animals capable of REM sleep dream (i.e. not
fish or insects).
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