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Introduction to Programming Using JavaVersion 9, JavaFX Edition
May, 2022
David J. Eck
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
This is a PDF version of a free, on-line book that is available
at https://math.hws.edu/javanotes/. The web site includes
source code for all example programs, answers to quizzes,
and discussions and solutions for the exercises.
,ii
©1996–2022, David J. Eck
David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Geneva, NY 14456
This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.
Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
provided they are distributed under the same license as the original. More
specifically: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Other uses require
permission from the author.
The web site for this book is: https://math.hws.edu/javanotes
,Contents
Preface xiii
1 The Mental Landscape 1
1.1 Machine Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Asynchronous Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 The Java Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Building Blocks of Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Object-oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 The Modern User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 The Internet and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Quiz on Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Names and Things 19
2.1 The Basic Java Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Variables and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.1 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Strings and String Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.5 Variables in Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Objects and Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Built-in Subroutines and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.2 Classes and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.3 Operations on Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.4 Text Blocks: Multiline Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.5 Introduction to Enums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Text Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.1 Basic Output and Formatted Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4.2 A First Text Input Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.3 Basic TextIO Input Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.4 Introduction to File I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.5 Other TextIO Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.6 Using Scanner for Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 Details of Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5.1 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.2 Increment and Decrement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.3 Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.4 Boolean Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
iii
, iv CONTENTS
2.5.5 Conditional Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.6 Assignment Operators and Type Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.7 Precedence Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.6 Programming Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.6.1 Getting a JDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.6.2 Command Line Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.3 Eclipse IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.6.4 BlueJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6.5 The Problem of Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6.6 About jshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6.7 JavaFX on the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.6.8 Using JavaFX in Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exercises for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Quiz on Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3 Control 75
3.1 Blocks, Loops, and Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1.1 Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1.2 The Basic While Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.1.3 The Basic If Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.4 Control Abstractiont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1.5 Definite Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2 Algorithm Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.1 Pseudocode and Stepwise Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.2 The 3N+1 Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.3 Coding, Testing, Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.3 while and do..while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.1 The while Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.2 The do..while Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.3 break and continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4 The for Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.1 For Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.2 Example: Counting Divisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.3 Nested for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5 The if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.5.1 The Dangling else Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.5.2 Multiway Branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.5.3 If Statement Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5.4 The Empty Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.6 The switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.6.1 The Basic switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.6.2 Menus and switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.6.3 Enums in switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.6.4 Definite Assignment and switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.6.5 Switch Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.6.6 The Traditional switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.7 Exceptions and try..catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
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