These are geography summaries covering the various aspects of grade 10 and 11 geography like the earth’s structure, weathering, waves, waterfalls, erosion ,climate and many more. This will help you and please leave a review. Thank you
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Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
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Christof Mbango
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2
Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
,The earth’s structure
The earth costs of three layers
❖ Crust
This is the outer shell of rock, forms the surface we live about 40km thick
❖ Mantle
The layer beneath the crust. Near the crust is solid, but deeper down is a hot, thick liquid or
molten state.
❖ Core
Divided into outer core and inner core.
Outer core is very dense but molten while inner core is a solid ball formed mainly or iron and
it is extremely hot.
Plate tectonic
Is the movement of plates.
What is a plate?
Plate is the large section of the earth crust that moves at a certain direction. Plates can either be
an ocean (oceanic plate) or a continent or on land (continental plate). Each plate has a border or
the edges known as plate boundaries.
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Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
, Causes of plate movement
Plates move because of convectional currents (force) in the mantel.
Types of plate boundaries
Constructive (divergent) boundaries
Two plates diverge or pull apart or moving away from each other. This causes a rift valley (on
continent) or ocean ridge (on the ocean floor). Volcano occurs in these boundaries.
Destructive (convergent) boundary
This occur when plates collide or converge (come together). This may result in an earthquake or
volcano o*r both at the same time.
It can happen in two ways:
- Two continental plates collide (converge)
E.g. Indo-Australian and Eurasia plate. Sediments pushed up to form fold mountains e.g.
Himalaya mountain in India.
-A continental and oceanic plate converge
E.g. Nazca and South American plates.
The heavier oceanic crust sinks below continental crust into, magma of a mantel to form deep
sea trench. Where the plate bends into the mantel, a subduction zone is formed. Volcano and
earthquake takes plate.
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Geography notes grade 10 – 11 new curriculumn
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