NUR2226 Exam Revision Questions With 100% Correct Answers.
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Course
NUR2226
Institution
NUR2226
Action of an anticholinergic inhaler - causes quick acting bronchohilaiton by blocking vagal
reflexes
Afterload: - : the pressure required to push blood through the aortic valve (this is against the
pressure of blood already in the aorta)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) action - This me...
NUR2226 Exam Revision Action of an anticholinergic inhaler - causes quick acting bronchohilaiton by blocking vagal reflexes Afterload: - : the pressure required to push blood through the aortic valve (this is against the pressure of blood already in the aorta) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) action - This medication selectively binds with angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle and in the adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone Beta -adrenergic blockers (Beta -blockers)(beta -1) how do these works - Reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption by blocking beta -adrenergic simulation of the heart. Block the stimulatory effects of the sympathetic nervous system. These are also used in long term management and post AMI to prevent re -infarction Medications: Metoprolol, atenolol This results in: - reduced cardiac rate - reduced force of contraction - reduced cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demand - reduce in BP Use: hypertension, angina, cardiac arrhythmias & myocardial infarction Biguanides: action and use - inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver and glucose absorption from the GIT, increases peripheral uptake by increasing insulin sensitivity (metformin) side effect: lactic acidosis Calcium channel blockers: Action: - (PINE's) inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the membranes of myocardial and arterial muscle cells = alters action potential and blocks muscle cell contraction = reduces myocardial contractility Decrease BP , cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen consumption Medications: Amlodipine, diltiazem Describe the path behind hypertension: - Kidneys have reduced blood supply > message is sent to the nephrons > renin is released to liver > conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin 1 occurs > A1 travels to lungs and converts to A2. A2 is a vasoconstrictor and works of smooth muscle to ^ BP . Explain how ACE -inhibitors work to treat hypertention - ACE-inhibitors (PRIL's) work in the lungs to stop the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. A2 is a constrictor so if the conversion is stopped then vasoconstriction is reduced. Secretion of aldosterone is reduced, and diuresis occurs. (can cause a dry cough in pts) Explain how nitrates work & indications for use: - Indications: acute angina & prophylaxis of angina. Action: works on smooth muscle & relaxes & dilates veins, arteries & capillaries. This increases blood flow and lowers BP due to a drop in systemic resistance (reduces myocardial O2 demand by reducing preload and afterload) frequency of suctioning - no more then 3 passes of the suction during a session to decrease the risk of tracheal damage between 10 -15 seconds per suction to decrease risk of hypoxia pre-oxygenate pt if required HMG -CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) - They work by reducing the liver's production of cholesterol. They block an enzyme called HMG CoA Reductase that the liver uses to make cholesterol. How does a thrombus form in a pt with atherosclerosis? - Plaque may be stable or unstable depending on degree of inflammation & thickness of fibrous cap. Plaque ruptures, which causes a platelet plug to form a thrombus
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