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Summary Module 4.3: Classification and evolution
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OCR biology A level A summary of key concepts ranging from classification systems and variation to adaptations and evolution.
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CLASSIFICAITON AND EVOLUTION Phylogeny- Phylogeny = evolutionary relationships
Classification - Phylogenetic trees show common ancestors
- Linnaean classific, taxonomic groups - Physical characteristics + genetic makeup
Kingdom
- Recent studies of genetic = domain Phylum
- Identify species, charact, evolutionary links Class Phylogeny vs classification
Order
- Species = group of organisms able to - Continuous tree (classification = discrete taxonomic)
Family
produce fertile offspring Genus - Classification mislead = group in same rank not equiv
Species - Different levels of biodiversity + differentiation
Binomial naming system
- Same name in different languages Natural selection
- Easier to share research + understand (no confusion) 1) Genetic variation within species (alleles + mutation)
- Information about relationships 2) Advantageous characteristics to selection pressure ↑
- Identify Genus and species (italics) chance of survival + successfully reproduce
3) Allele passed on down generations, ↑ proportion of
individuals with that characteristic
4) Over time species evolves
Evolution examples
- Antibiotic resistant bacteria – reproduce rapidly +
DNA / mutations occur (survive + reproduce)
- Peppered moths – pale / dark colour, dark ones
survived as pollution turned trees darker
- Sheep blowflies, flavobacterium
Five kingdoms
Prokaryote Variation
- Unicellular bacteria, saprotrophic / autotrophic Interspecific variation = between different species
- No nucleus/membranes - ring of naked DNA Intraspecific variation = withing a species
Protoctista Genetic variation
- Unicellular, autotrophic / heterotrophic 1) Alleles – gene for particular characteristic
- Some have chloroplasts, nucleus + mem organelles 2) Mutations – DNA change proteins, metabolic, charac
- Move by cilia, flagella 3) Meiosis – independent assortment + crossing
4) Sexual reproduction – asexual clone, mutate variation
Fungi 5) Chance – random fertilisation
- Unicellular, saprotrophic
- Nucleus, membrane organelles, cell wall (chitin) Environmental variation
- No chloroplasts / chlorophyll - Plants affected to greater degree as unable to move
- Accident /disease cause characteristic (not inherited)
Plantae - Hard to identify which ‘nature vs nurture’
- Multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthesis)
- All contain chlorophyll, most not move Discontinuous = certain values, genetic factors
Continuous = any value within range, environ
Animalia - Represented in normal distribution curve
- Multicellular, heterotrophic - Mean, median, mode = same
- No cell wall or chloroplasts - Bell, symmetrical (values close to mean)
- Move – cilia, flagella, contractile proteins
1) Standard deviation = data spread around mean
3 domains, 6 kingdoms 2) Students paired t test = compare from same
- ‘3 domain system’ by Woese 3) Students unpaired t test = compare the mean values
- Possible through advances in scientific techniques 4) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = show the
- Nucleotide sequence in rRNA correlation between 2 sets of data
- Eukaryote (80S ribos), archaea (70S ribos), bacteria 5) Margin of error = half the amount of the distance
- Separates prokaryotes base on chem makeup (wall) between graduations (ME = 10g so, 80 +- 5g)
> Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria, extreme env 6) Combining uncertainties = uncertainty of each
> Eubacteria – true bacteria, all environments 7) Percentage error = uncertainty / reading x 100
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