Child Development Psychology Exam 1 with 100% correct answers

three grand theories psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory Freud; irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlies all human behavior behaviorism theory Watson; all behavior is learned, strongly rooted in verifiable data with controlled experiments cognitive theory Piaget; focuses on changes in how people think over time Freud's stages of development 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4)latency 5) genital Erikson's stages of development 1) trust vs. mistrust 2) autonomy vs. shame 3) initiative vs. guilt 4) industry vs. inferiority 5) identity vs. identity diffusion 6) intimacy vs. isolation 7) generatively vs. self-absorption 8) integrity vs. despair classical conditioning neutral stimulus +meaningful stimuli + repeated application = neutral stimulus -> involuntary response operant conditioning reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors reinforcement behavior is followed by something desired to increase behavior punishment behavior is followed by something unwanted to decrease behavior positive (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) adding something negative (in regards to reinforcement or punishment) taking something away social learning theory emphasis on the influence that other people have on anothers behavior modeling a person observes the behavior of others and then copies BoBo doll experiment example of modeling, shows that aggression is learned Piaget's four stages of cognitive development 1) sensorimotor stage 2) pre operational stage 3) concrete operational stage 4) formal operational stage sensorimotor stage (Piaget) interaction with environment, object permanence pre operational stage (Piaget) representing the world symbolically, pretend play concrete operational stage (Piaget) learning rules, conservation formal operational stage (Piaget) can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future schema category of knowledge assimilation taking in new information into our previously existing schemas accommodation changing or altering our existing schemas equilibration children attempt to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation eclectic perspective psychotherapy technique that combines aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client longitudinal study same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed cross-sectional study compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics (education, ethnicity, ect.) cross-sequential study combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies empirical evidence based on observation, experience, and/or experiments and not theories scientific method theory -> research -> hypotheses -> data -> support, and if not -> revision of the theory confirmation bias tendency to only focus on evidence that supports your ideas or your hypothesis qualitative research describes particular conditions and ideas of participants (interviews, open ended questions, specific situational factors influencing an individual or group) quantitative research provides data that is expressed with numbers (statistical differences, less open to interpretation) naturalistic observations method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior the hawthorne effect the fact that people will behave differently if they know they're being watched independent variable the one being changed or controlled to test the dependent variable dependent variable the one that is being tested by using independent variables cohort group of individuals that share a common demographic, experience or exposure over a particular time span (ex: people born in Africa between ) case studies in-depth study of a single person, usually who has undergone some drastic event that was not caused purposefully (ex: Genie) Genie's story young girl who was raised extremely neglected and isolated from any form of human interaction (both physical and verbal) critical period time when a particular type of developmental growth (body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen (ex: language ~3yrs old) sensitive period time when a particular type of development is