Exam (elaborations)
SCS_ Accidents and Risk (1)
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SCS_ Accidents and Risk (1)
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SCS: Accidents and RiskWhat is risk a combination of? - ANS-1. Likelihood of accident
2. Severity of consequences
(risk = severity x probability)
As complexity of a system increases... - ANS-1. problem in subsystem can cascade to others
2. usually more subcomponents
3. maintenance difficulty increases
Give reasons for more motor related deaths from 1921 to 2011 - ANS-1. Population increase -
more people exposed to hazard
2. Sources of hazard increases in itself
What does automation achieve? - ANS-1. Moves (not removes!) human error to...
2. Maintenance, supervision and higher-level decision making
3. Increased production
4. Increased loss or damage
How does risk increase with speed of technological change? - ANS-1. Quicker, less expensive
testing
2. Reduced time to learn from experience and debug
Why is the cause of an effect hard to identify? - ANS-1. A occurred, then B occurred
2. But A may not have caused B
"Rooster causes the sun to rise"
List appropriate ways to write out causes and their effects? - ANS-1. Finite State Automata
(FSA)
2.
Comment on: "The wet road caused the driver to crash" - ANS-Wet road was just the last cause.
It was also a case of:
1. Worn tyres
2. Faulty ABS
3. Inexperienced driver
4. High speed
5. Curvature of road
Why is "the operator failed to step in" an oversimplification? - ANS-1. Operator has been trained
to use the system not know how it works
2. Inaction can be a cause
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