Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
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Summary The entire specification for AQA A-level biology topic 4 genetic variation
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Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
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AQA
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Unit 4 - Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms
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Genetics Variation ,
& Relationships SECTION 4
Ai =
standin
anaphase 2
a
12
.
DNA , GENES + CHROMOSOMES
BIODIVERSITY WITHIN A COMMUNITY
I
I under
mitochondria an
~
feature eukaryotic DNA
prokary Oric DNA Farming techniques ↓ Biodiversity DC
↳
biodiversityrelatestranges habitats locatn
is
o Nom -selectivebreeding op allestvaiai
is
Myriborpigrogaphosphaubachonarides
have this DNA
A ructure
Short , circular
indes of
diversity-relationship spammin a -
-
pesticides
herbicides
, compete for
X weeds
resources
panbiawesity o anima
,
histones
biodiversity o
X ↑
- -
removal of hedgerows = ↓ Habitats + shelters
-
monocultures
e
an
promin
de ingpondmasswe
ai
n s
-
circular
↓ total
-
errification
no crop rotation
one - X organisms
of each specif
arrangement INVESTIGATING BIODIVERSITY ↓ electionindviduals
taking
a
wo a
introns sampling techniques
~ It's length) X
generic diversity /
within between species measured by comparing : ·
motile (animals) : capture mark release recapture
codestorrenaporpride,typeaaR groups
, ,
base ,
gene sequence of DNA
Mal
· :
↳ they occupy gene locus
·
·
+q. of measurable characteristics
DNA base sequence
& more similarities
·
non-motile(plants) :
ab
quadrasusedit environmentagradin
more a
Snow
fixed position in eukaryotes most nuclear DNA X code for polypeptides userandonogen on cute an
·
,
·
mRNA base sequence
non-coding multiple repeats of base sequences between genes ·
amino acid eq of proteins coding for DNA + MRNA
. count number of
3 bases species in Q
. ·
a gradients present
: transects : used it environmental
3 degenerate
nonsensense
than triplet code < Quantative investigations ↳ tape measure placed along area
of bases fewer
I
missence some triplets code for a number
non-coding lintons) samples/coordinates chosen at
coding
couching
Lscons)
·
instruction mpcodesstarta
& data from random
ay a
regular intervals to place quadrat
innons niputsnotusedtota
easter
:
testing no speci
0
interpret by Ho count at
o + va l e s :
-
·
-
-
problems
may a re chemicals made : alwaysreliab
a
DNA + PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANTIBIOTICS byrungilbactamatinhit
not intentional
creationsand promptonT a
transcription :
X
:chance representative
: assumptions
G+ CMRR , assumes ↓A in environmental factors in time
genome compute e a
genes a mont
is able to -
initiation solutions
:randomsampling
·
antibiotics competiti teniqubiaalive
susawan
:
play natural ↓
to reduce
Star t 3 mRNA bases codon binds DNA gene promotor region running low
. , anomovies ,
a dataa ssis
↓
= -
RNA polymerase to at
· cidon stopcdo
o
serva bases oa
: controls : comparisons
, -
DNA helicase bindst unwinds DNA xM-bonds between CBD's
is
Thymine replaced
:
processing data : more comparable data
·
~
-
exposes pases of a template stand
by uracil
elongation -free RNA nucleotides attach to exposed pases on DNA temp stand
amino bonds between CBP's A-U G-C one
by
↓
-
M -
.
binding
um A n i s
-RNApolymerasmakescomplimentarymcopy
Da resistance
Site ·
is excasserbated by overuse + misuse
me
antibiotics work
"
u bonds How do
p at i al cl
competitiveinhibitors ot enzymesin
ERNA in Clover termination present
A
↓ RubymerasopiptuntumSan Aseptic
workingin prem preventcontamin
t echniques a
a Stil
was
:
n
post-transcription
modification ↳ disenject bench to prevent contamination
: prem containsinmost ↳
↓
in a splco
a
Sterilise equipment with heat/ or to prevent contamination
-
mature mRNA leaves nucleus by nuclear pores L
↳ name mealoptbokneck maintain puraa microbes in air
a translation
= 'the
assembly of polypeptides ribosomes' ↳
onasmun as possibletopreventcontaminai s
heplia
at
H bonds between
CBP's in translation ↳
↑
initiationI The : mons on mrn l a
I
DNA Rep Transcription
&
feature
elongation
ribsmemeghda
-
-
Start by Sphase promotor region -
↓
groups
unwinding whole length short section -
condensation reaction
in
using ATP
Londons sequenc
requence of bases MRNA : as
no .
emps 2 1
↓ nucleotides DNACAT-OC) RNALAU-GC)
armination
immin
a
a
helicase
Puthelican
DNA
enzymes
ease
↓
Rua polymerase
duration long Short
no. polymerase 2 I
similarities
Phosphodiestebondshelices a
us
genes' primary
struc ture
GENETIC DIVERSITY CAN ARISE FROM MUTATIONS IN MEOSIS ↑
gene
mutation sinDNAnuconde basetipodethamay especificant it
-
new aleles mutations > generic variation
may
= >
- -
,
=
generic variation = revolution , X disease
i s merase
A s effects proteins
genemuanonsbyDNA
on
mutagenic agents
= ↑ rale
zosi ·o Lar ·
function the same (silent effect)
function differently (mis-sense)
·
radi alion 15 xrays uv]
, , ·
not function Inon-sensel
i
viral (HPV)
generic aresavemore
is
typesgenemutationsor ↳ substitution
i nnames t u c h e
bases swapped
asubsituin
more =
degenerate
·
deletion = 1 or more bases removed
↓ deletion =
Name shift , 1 triplet
changes , I struc ture
. Explain
Q how a deletion mutation could lead to a non-functional protein
=
·
deletion = Name shift meiosis
·
Lots A
of to DNA base requence , lots of triplets altered down steam
·
alters zodon sequence on MRNA
ae
· alterssequence / primary structure of pope
·
nonsense loss of ad
generically
,
ale SuperlaySurureo protein BOND
a . different to
·
meiosis
meanKarate independent
segrecation
meiosist- variation
over chromas, chromosomeshavtormbivent
crossing mes/chromands
a
disunchuanobunwearominen
GENETIC DIVERSITY + ADAPTATIONS
biodiversityivaytorganismslivinginanent
and
-
trice aspring
individuals o f species in habitat
population · all the a
community
actmepopulansoditeespeciesinanabia eons
"
, in environments
ecosystem :
-
interspectdirtbewarehis
variation
generic dive
in
population
gene pool complete
: no , of all aueles for species in population mechanism for
population of species /natural election is a
evolution in a u e e frequency in a
: change driving evolution
environment effecting survival + reproduction
selection pressure : s
differential reproductive als adaptation
'swivothetittest advantagous
success : , is
·
estimating generic diversity by :
comparing observable characterishes /gene technology
·
generic diversity + by : mutations - new alles) +
generic How /introduce new aweles)
↓ by : NS , generic drift , generic bottlenecks , founder effect
behaviors
What 2 animals of the same species can
recognise eachother by these
-
(sign stimuli)
I
- these
Why
behaviorsensure productionof fertile o spring as behavioraemer
,
recognising their
stimulate
s ess , there sexual maturity fertility , , release
gameles of
-
how -
it's achieved by a chain of elements
Classification : sorring living organisms into
groups (taxal
based on sims + diffs based on
higher achies
tanconomy theory undin classificationsysisa aed , track evolution ,
recognize biodiversity + common
lang
types of classification :
DNA , mRNA
Darinca/simphignarchiesbananamorganisms - ↑ proteins
biochemical evidance
advances in
Show immunology
pointsofdivergand common
: anses a s
+
genome requencing
helps clarity evolutionary
Evidence
baseunbindman a
relationships between
: organisms
-
③ taxonomic higherarchies
grouped throughstavae
:
Dr Kepner Pisses Christians Off
eneunaryotes
For Giving Sex
Carllinneaus
-
hingdom animalplanbacuitungiprosa
↑Binomial classification : al
organisms have a 2 part Latin name (Genus + species
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