Unit 5 - Energy transfers in and between organisms
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Summary The entire AQA A-level biology specification for topic, 5 energy transfers
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Unit 5 - Energy transfers in and between organisms
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Unit 5 - Energy transfers in and between organisms
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Energy Infer Organisms
S
SECTION
in
total
mass
↳
uses light energy to make Alp that's used +guezerlorganic
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ENERGY + ECOSYSTEMS
measureinthemas a e
Damageaed
·
energy + 6C0, + GH CO (4 200 ,
+ 60c
Photosynmeipigmentsar mechaabsorb photons and
· can absorb a
range it
i
,
at
labsorb the least)
·
pigments are different colours
due to the
light they reflect , having a range of
pigments allows plants to absorb more 1 of light >
- more GPP : more .
energy is captured
cuTm you
production is me chemical also avalible
grossprimary
store in for plant
GPP energy plant biomasns e
photosynthetipigmentsanarrangedintophotosystems
=
a
funnel shaped s t u t e o
that
·
are
ureproducinasses
·
·
respirator
NPP = net
primary production is the chemical
energy stone in plant biomass after recalt respiratory
occurs on the
integranal membrane
Losses to environment factored i n UPP = GPP-R - N
losses
I (F + R)
(
= -
'chemical energyaesed
photophospayaof
opensee-ni
6 PSI e Nom ETC 4
+ food
?
ions fom chemiosmosis are used to how is
energy transferred through each trophic level
plants synmesize
reduce
NADD(Coenzyme) reduced NADP .
food chains as
organiccompounds
↑
I -
S u n is
the the ultimate source of energy in most
<
aquaria 102
6
trap sun's energy in photosynmesis
chicropropyl
2 producers
light
-
lineor direction
·
-ATB energy transferred from producers > consumers in 1 -
recycled in nutrient &
-
S E carotenes a l energy cost is dissipated by heat (biomass)
+
-
NADP respiratory losses
-
energy lost in consumers from feacal +
NAD
I ETR to
swoma -
I
- no .trophic levels = Limited be not enough biomass/energy
, not enough
synmanChorophylalantrophyll
carotenes
S Sustain a viable population size
.
3
-
ze-
used
sugarssynmesebypantsar respiratorysubstrate
mas
i Biomass-most
10)
chain
Election
mass is used as wet mass varies too much
transport Chemiosmosis is
=
dry
the movement of many = chemical energy stored in dry biomass estimated by Calorimetry
.
(ETC)
HisHom ↓ burnti npur computecombustionown
mass
dry biosa s
mylanoiumen ④ ⑤
+
ADD + Pi -
a sing
ATP
·
·
calc
15 need
energy
to
in sample
raise 11g
15)
of 120 by 0 . 24 "c
120 24 + + 202 H
in farming practices
H
Productivity
+
- Ht
Chemiosmosis
Photolysis H+ herbicides + pesticides) to r energy losses to non-human food chains
Ht4 simply rying foodwebbs (usingmovement and neat loss) within a human food chain
--
* -
3 s chemiosmos is ↓ respiratory cosses (restricting .
lost in faces
2 redox reactions >
Nutritive foods that are easily digested. more energy absorbed
photolysis
-
spls Chlorophyll's e-release of M
+
ions via ATP
releases
high
(photons H
+
) energy in ETC synthase energy avaliable after wanster CST/m2
efficiency ,
m
=
to combine percentage =
100 q =
energy
energy avariable before transfer t
↳ energy -
pump ut ions from App + Di-ATP
shoma-tylavoid wmen
(non-cyclic
: proton gradient set up
Phosphorylation)
.
Y
it's known as Calvin C'Y ,
- the calvin cycle detected chemical steps
NUTRIENT CYCLES
as used
Co2 the radioactive .
LIR/CALVIN CYCLE biochemical reaction series
- occurs in me stoma
>
-
6CO2 Con 200
using Light
- .
,
1 Co reacts with RuBp to form 2 molecules of JP in a
carboxylation reaction catalysed rubisco
recycled
:
, nutrients are within natural ecosystems as
they have a finite number , exemplifed by
.
2 ATP and reduced NADP from LDR are used to reduce > hiose
GP- phosphate
hirrogen
the and phosphorus .
cycle
some nicephosphate isuedregenerat Rupin Cavinuelguecore , amino-acids , lipis s
·
microrganisms play a viral role in
recycling chemical elements (P +
N2)
2 SAPROBIONTS
- · needed for ammonification
LIMITING FACTORS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THE NITROGEN CYCLE ⑤ BACTERIA discoves ↳> decompose N-containing molees
is
·
Light if t more chlorophyll e are excited in LDR - NADPH + ATP used in LR-guecose faster
intensity :
·
yayliving thingsneed
is
to prin ·
Nitrogen fixation =
N2 -NH
+ NHI inwine acssaprobin
inSoils/Symbioticpantrnou,a
to use a
growth more TP + GP However may cause chlorophyll to overheat. , . 18%.
Atmosphere NIN tree
·
secrete enzymes onto food source
in
·
Temperature : ↑ enzymes + substrates have KE -ESC's more RuBP-> GP-TP : faster
, gluecose at high ~
·
molecules digested extracularly
emperatures enzymes denaue manspiration rates ↑ : plants Wilt : Cloel Stomata bC too big
- .
Nirirication Lotidation N
. ·
·
somble products lal absorbed +
coconcentration:ittratboyaonRuBpTp
+ opt : guecost above o u e
Stomat e
digested amino group NHz reloved
· aerobic conditions bacteria thrives >
-
~
denimificationMauioNN S
T
MYCORRMI
increase
ploughing
Limiting factors
inshtesuptaminatoristenposysistara
:
- ·
symbiotic relationship between plant
&
mem ammonification" saprobionts in sail, in waterlogged soil
assymilation
roots fungi
and
in reads /hypheal ↓ sa roots
activeport Lungal
·
& plant
animatins consuming proteins L improves uptane of NOj by At
·
· Astemperaiwerespiration,pinwhee rateascompensationpointstation tungi gain glucese for R from plant. .
.
·
what rate
of photosynthesis exceeds respiration plant uses ATP faster than it's produced PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE EUTROPHICATION
Ferrisersarenighlysoublorganiciopprtviscanbenawai
a
or J
E :NAD
TOTAL :
·
posions
sedimentation
inredimentary
erosion +
rock
fertilisers 3-algoa l take up ions+ use them to e protein StDNA Divide .
rapidly >
-
algal bloom Populationa
dissolve light
block
4
algae X
submerged plants from photosynthesis
E
winan
by owe factors
2 FAB Po? ions in 4201 soils
I
x
food sources for saprobiotic bacteria in 120 multiply
·
S-ded plants are -
ATPInet) or X6 ATP (gross) absorption , assimilation bacteria respire anerobically > use up 02
x 4 O saprobiotic
·
· -
-
by ATP using micorrhizal
LIGHT INTENSITY
~ 7 -
water contains little O2 fish , other aerobic animals dis as they need
O, to respire fish
hil,
consumption +
digestion
I re-assimilarion
RESPIRATION isms
bowhichenegyis add
a
-me
~ rate
:
produces ATD -Pyruvate ononly be converted o editions to me
i n the form of biomass .
anerobic + areobic respiration starts
here , anerobic process
How do fertilisers ↑ productivity
& Fertilisers contain nutrients like nitrates +
FERTILISERS
·
GLUCOSE6 G LYCOLYSIS =
Cytoplasm , phosphates that are in short supply
carbon based it Manure , bone meal , slurry
-
·
natural fertilisers (organic) : .
i
·
fertilisers needed for DNA , aa , protein + ATP
2D i
·
Artificial fertilisers (inorganic :
produced in labs , mined from rocks + blended -
synmesis
2ATP 2ADP +
Phosphorylation
-
of guecose
- 1 mixture of nulrients (NPH) ·
fertilisers needed for cen division (6 , 5 . 62)
Glucose BISPHOSPHATEGC ·
plants that obtain more nutrients more grow
is clean chemicals that lach
3C
nutrientstplantsconta
· ·
more chlorophyll
3
TRIOSEPHOSPHATE
TRIOSEPHOSPHATE
odour of organic compounds ·
so ↑ spp + NPP !!
· adds structure to soil (humus) ·
Nutrients released in
rapidly
pDN
NAD - > NADH
3. oxidation/denyroge
-
is acetate
nurientsnotreadily
a · the soil
2 ATP + 2Pi > >
-
2ATP 2 A+ ·
nurrients in concentrated form
↳ Substrate level phosphorylation provides usenu means of applied in overusing fertilisers
. ·
V . ↓ amounts more consequences of
V
3 3 disposing was te
PYRUVATE - effective
PYRUVATE O ↓ species diversity
whiches , only some plants
. -
harsh/hostile environments
survive
·
can
I
difficult to spread -
↑ rish of euriphication
Activetransportotpyruvattoex
·
is slow
that -
>>
competition
outcompete others -
mineral release
readily reached from Soil
·
& europhiciation
teaching when it rains , duenuhients
2 lost from -
a s ·
expensive to
buy /
manufacture to 120 solubility
3 3 Soil
LINK REACTION not
rishfertiliserspray sprad
pyRUVATE pyRUVATE nurients r u n into waters - eutrophication
·
>
NADEE NE
ADAM
decarboy o n i s !
fer tilisers
combination of both give the best long ter m
productivity
2
V .
2 oxidation/dehydrogenation
ACETATE
1 CO A > I CO A > .
3 w ansport i
added to
Coenzyme
- -
. .
-
W W
2)
ACETYL COENZYMEAACETYL COENZYME A -
· i remains in Mitochondrial manix
KREBBS CYCLE
ACEIYL COENZYMEA ACEIYL OENZYME A
↓ 1. addition , 41 Chain
↓
reacts with Actery
coenzyme
↓ A
Coenzyme .
A A
Coenzyme
4C TC 4C TC .
2 decarboxylation
~ ~
x3NAD x3NAD . Oxidation
3
FA App; F
SNAD App
reacios that
, 3NADH
copScumaucion
Y
Substrate
FADH
5 .
reduce Coenzymes
level
FAD +
phosphorylation
NAD
ATP
occurs in the
-
inner membrane
OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION of mitochond in
⑪ ACTIVE TRNASPORT ⑤ CHEMIOSMOSIS
② SPLITTING from Eic used
ut ions diffuse
energy m+
back down
Mc atm spi to AT M + ions into IMS S
gradinthrouga
·
to > - 4+
gradient
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE 24
+ synthase
Int 24
+
S
mana wi
NNERANE -ATP Synchase
OCATIONPHOSPHRET R
synthase to rotate ->
energy
>
-
ATB
+
Mari 2u
& OXEGEN IS THE TERMINAL
ELECTION ACCEPTORS
①RELASE ADP + Pi "ATP +
2
&
NADH releases notions 2n Mz0
+ +
=02 +
③ REDOX/ETC
elections pass down
a
strela
reactions
EXQ's : Without 02 , leSS ATP is released by respiration . Explain
8. is the terminal proton acceptor , so ETC can no
longer function ( f ) so all 34138
ATP molecules aren't made As only glycolysis would occur
only 2 ATD are >
. -
· Explain O2 is needed for me
production of ATP in the cristal
o is the terminal proton acceptor mat receives &from t h e ETC to form water
,
It
made from
diffusing down to
and enough energy ETC
phosphorylate .
ATD
and emanol = toxic
4 ATP(6) LATP (6)
ATP produced
-
Small
-
2 ATPIN) ZATDIN) ·
GLYCISIS can still
2 NAD INAD occur by using
to re-
2 lac tale ~
2 CH ,2004 pyruvate
Acidise NADH-NAD
2202 -
S
c
OBLAOneltblood
·
:
Hermentation
OTHER RESIRATORY SUBSTANCES
ATP phosphocreatine system
· very qui ATP + creatine
a
: Per
runsuati tesen
·
f Lac tate
anerobic
organic biomol mat
respiratory substrate :
has the potentical chemical energy for
ATP production I
·
carbohydrates (glucose
riglycrides (faty acids + glycol
·
proteins (amino acids (
>
-
that can enter Krebbs cycle
-
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