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Forensic and Mental Health - 2 lectures (Aggressive Behaviour, Aggressive and Sex Crimes) $3.88
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Forensic and Mental Health - 2 lectures (Aggressive Behaviour, Aggressive and Sex Crimes)
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  • Course
  • Forensic and Mental Health
  • Institution
  • The University Of Nottingham (UON)

Full highlighted notes from two lectures from Forensic and Mental Health module (C83FMH): Aggressive Behaviour and Aggressive and Sex Crimes.

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  • December 19, 2013
  • 18
  • 2010/2011
  • Class notes
  • Unknown
  • All classes

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  • The University of Nottingham (UON)
  • Psychology
  • Forensic and Mental Health
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AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
Sex Differences
More males than females commit crimes

Developmental Evidence

Kochanska, Coy & Murray (2001);

- Looked at compliance with prohibition from parent in preschoolers (e.g. don’t do this, do
that)
- Girls were more likely to comply in both conditions and with commitment
- Because of - more impulse control (have to inhibit action when told not to do something -
inhibit aggressive response), or increased fear response (linked to BIS)

Romano, Trembley, Boulerice & Swisher (2005)

- National longitudinal survey of children and youth (0-11 years)
- 59,000 households in Canada - large sample, good selection details
- Males exhibited more aggression and less pro-social aggression (even after controlling for
parental style, family variables and neighbourhood variables)
- Maternal hostility, maternal depression, punitive parenting, greater perceived
neighbourhood problems and poverty all associated with higher levels of psychical
aggression
- Neighbourhood variables play a small role
- Longitudinal
- But only correlational
- Only looked at physical aggression

 Girls highly aggressive in preschool IF relational aggression is considered (Bonica et al., 2003)
 Middle childhood - 4.2% physically aggressive, 21.6% relational/physically aggressive
 Aggression effects established into adulthood (Tremblay, 2000)
 Males and females feel equally angry - but express it in different ways
 Differences in gender lies in how we define aggression

Neuropharmacological evidence

Testosterone = biological difference between boys and girls

Six hypotheses (Archer, 2006) - sexual selection and dominance linked to aggression - evolutionary
model

Hypothesis 1

 No rise in aggression with testosterone rise in adolescence (following bird not mouse model)

Evidence:

, Halpern (1994):

- 3 year longitudinal study 100 adolescent boys
- Testosterone increased at puberty
- Self reported aggression did not
- No correlation between testosterone and aggression

Archer (2004):

- Magnitude of sex differences in aggression did not increase at puberty

Hypothesis 2a

• Testosterone levels should increase in presence of sexually desirable females

Evidence:

Helhammer et al. (1985):

- Males salivary T increase 15 mins after the start of erotic / sexual films
- No change for neutral or humorous film (arousal control)

Roney (2003):

- Males exposed to brief conversation with attractive young female or young male.
- Significant increase in testosterone in female encounter condition

Hypothesis 2b

• Testosterone levels should increase in presence of challenge to status

Evidence:

Cohen et al (1996):

- North America/Southern US males testosterone levels
- Southerners testosterone levels increased more after insult
- These testosterone mirrored increases in observed anger, and self-reported willingness to
challenge a larger person
- Explained by culture of honor, so insult serves to act as challenge to status

Hypothesis 3

• Testosterone increases to challenge increases aggression

Evidence:

Berman et al. (1993):

- Males involved in competitive reaction time task
- Shocks delivered to confederate
- Correlation between testosterone level and aggression

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