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Summary Chapter 2 Psychology Peter Gray & David Bjorklund (7th edition) $3.25   Add to cart

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Summary Chapter 2 Psychology Peter Gray & David Bjorklund (7th edition)

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Summary of chapter 2 of the book 'Psychology' by Peter Gray

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  • September 16, 2019
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Chapter 2
About scientific methods applied to psychology

Clever Hans
Horse with some ‘human knowledge’  is NOT scientific
 undermined by Oskar Pfungst
he found out the horse recognized visual signals (small head noddings)

3 essential ‘bricks’ in science:

1. Facts: objective observation  is true
2. Theory: idea to (1) explain existing facts and (2) make predictions
3. Hypothesis: prediction about new facts that is made from theory

Lessons learned from Clever Hans:

1. The value of scepticism
 Try not to prove correct, try to prove wrong
 The simpler the explanation, the better
2. The value of careful observations under controlled conditions
3. The problem of observer-expectancy effect
 Unintentionally communicating expectations
 Unintentionally doing what the expert expects



Research Strategies
3 ways to categorize research strategies:

1. Research design
 Experiments, correlational studies, descriptive studies
2. Setting
 in which the experiment is conducted
3. Data-collection method
 Self-report and observation

By varying these 3 you’ll have different research



Research Design
to test a hypothesis

1. Experiments
o Experiment : a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates variable
(while keeping all other variables constant!)
 Most direct and conclusive approach
o Independent variable : the variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on
another variable
o Dependent variable : the variable that is hypothesized to be affected
 Mostly: dep. Variable: behaviour indep. Variable: other factors

, Subject of the study = the people or animals that are studied

Two types of experiments:

1. Within-subject experiments
o the subject(s) are tested in each condition of the independent variable
2. Between groups experiment
o the manipulation of the independent variable are applied to different groups of
subjects
 always randomly assign the subjects!



2. Correlational Studies
when experiments can’t be conducted (for ethical or practical reasons)
Correlational study : a study in which the researcher doesn’t manipulate variables, but
observes or measures two already existing variables to find relationships.
- can tell something about the relationship between two variables
Studies correlation, NO CAUSATION



3. Descriptive studies
= when the aim of the research is to describe behaviour of an individual (or set of
individuals) without looking for relationships between variables.



Research Settings
2 research settings:

1. Laboratory study = any study in which participants are brought to a specific area where the
conditions are in control of the researcher.
2. Field study = any study in which the researcher doesn’t have control over the conditions.
This can be at workplaces, at home, or natural environment.

Laboratory study Field study

 Controlled conditions  Uncontrolled conditions
 Divergent behaviour possible  The regular behaviour
o Subject knows from it o Subject has no idea
 Experiments  Correlational studies
 Descriptive studies



Data-collection Methods
1. Self-report method = procedure in which people are asked to rate or describe their own
behaviour or mental state in some way.
o Questionnaires, interviews
o Introspection = type of self-report  personal observations of thoughts, feelings etc.
 Highly subjective

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