Hostprovides the living conditions to support a microorganism
Carriercarries an organism without signs and symptoms - is able to transmit an infection
Colonizationthe bug is present, but the host is okay and not sick
Infectionthe bug is present and the host is sick
Infectious diseaseconsequence...
NURS 327 Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answers Host✅provides the living conditions to support a microorganism Carrier✅carries an organism without signs and symptoms - is able to transmit an infection Colonization ✅the bug is present, but the host is okay and not sick Infection ✅the bug is present and the host is sick Infectious disease ✅consequences that result from an invasion. causes harm and death What is colonization? ✅describes microorganisms present without host inference or interaction Which of the following is responsible for monitoring endemic and epidemic disease, recommending strategies to decrease disease incidence, and developing guidelines to reduce risk to patients and health care provider? ✅the CDC Standard precautions ✅-designed for the care of ALL patients -use PPE depending on the degree of expected exposure -the primary strategy for preventing HAIs Transmission -Based precautions ✅designed for the care of patients with a known or suspected infectious disease -airborne, droplet, contact Elements of Standard Precautions ✅-hand hygiene -use of gloves and other barriers -proper handling of patient care equipment and linen -environmental control -prevention of injury from of sharps and needles -patient placement What is the simplest and most important practice a nurse can do to reduce contamination and the spread of infection? ✅proper hand hygiene Contact precautions ✅used for patients who have a serious illness that can be easily transmitted by direct patient contact -C. diff -Hepatitis A -rotavirus -RSV -uncontrolled abscesses, or cellulitis -ebola Contact precautions components ✅-use of barriers to prevent transmission -emphasize cautious technique because organisms are easily transmitted by contact between the healthcare worker and the patient -masks are not needed!! -wear gloves and gown!! -the door should remain closed -covid: a combination of transmission -based precautions, increased use of PPE, enhanced cleaning, and adjusted visitor policies Droplet precautions ✅used for known or suspected infections where there is transmission by large particles -Haemophilus influenzae -Neisseria meningitis -pertussis -influenza -mumps -rubella Droplet precautions components ✅-wear a face mask -the door can be open -transmission is limited to close contact Airborne precautions ✅used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei -measles -varicella -TB Airborne precautions components ✅-private room with the door closed -negative pressure room preferred -use respiratory protection (TB mask or respirator) -air either highly filtered or exhausted directly to the outside Organisms of HAI potential ✅-C diff -MRSA -VRE multidrug resistant gram -negative organisms Clostridium difficile (C. diff) ✅-significant HAI -antibiotics disrupt the normal intestinal flora and allow the antibiotic resistant c. diff to take over -the c. diff releases toxins into the bowel -this causes pseudomembranous colitis!! -debris from the injured bowel and from WBCs accumulate -this can cause sepsis and death MRSA and VRE ✅two types of MRSA: -healthcare -associated: not present or incubating at admission to the health setting -community -associated: acquired in the community HAIs✅HAI bloodstream infections -central vascular catheters prevention: -hand hygiene -maximum barrier precautions -chlorhex skin antisepsis -avoiding femoral vein for central access -daily review of central line necessity -removing central lines when not needed 3 phases of perioperative nursing ✅-preoperative: decision for surgery --> transfer to OR table -intraoperative: OR table --> transfer to PACU -postoperative: PACU --> follow up in clinical or home Informed consent ✅-should be in WRITING before nonemergent surgery -legal mandate -surgeon must explain the procedure, benefits, risks, complications, etc. -nurse clarifies information and witnesses signature!! -consent is valid ONLY when signed before administering psychoactive premedication -consent accompanies patient to OR When is informed consent necessary? ✅Informed consent is necessary before performing any procedure that is considered invasive or that carries considerable risk -procedure is invasive -requires sedation -involves radiation -has more than a slight risk for harm Pre-admission for surgery ✅-tests are done prior to procedure (EKG, lab work, etc.) -demographics collected -health history obtained -surgical day instructions are provided (food, meds, how to dress, what to bring along with what to leave home) -showering instructions Special Considerations for surgery ✅Elderly -hazards (postop delirium, aspiration, dysphagia) -causes of postop morbidity and mortality -nutritional concerns -high fall risk Obese -postop complications -infection Patients with disabilities Elements of informed consent ✅-written and voluntary -patient is competent and informed -patient can comprehend Consent✅the nurse asks the patient to sign the form but it is the PHYSICIAN'S RESPONSIBILITY to explain the procedure and answer any questions the patient may have. physicians must explain: -benefits/risks -alternatives -complications -removal of parts -what to expect The nurse is preparing a patient for surgery. The patient states that she is very nervous and really does not understand what the surgical procedure is for or how it will be performed. What is the most appropriate nursing action for the nurse to take? ✅call the physician to review the procedure with the patient Emancipated minors ✅not legally an adult but is: -married -living on own as allowed by courts -pregnant -in the military -financially independent Malignant hyperthermia ✅-genetic condition -central core disease -hyperkalemic periodic paralysis -significant elevation in heart rate and temperature!!
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