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Samenvatting + alle oefeningen analytische chemie en instrumentele analyse C3

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  • Course
  • Analytische chemie & instrumentele analyse C3
  • Institution
  • Karel De Grote-Hogeschool (KdG)

Dit document bevat een uitgebreide samenvatting van de leerstof, beter uitgelegd en met alle oefeningen in uitgewerkt. Ik behaalde m.b.v. deze samenvatting een 18/20.

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Document information

  • September 18, 2019
  • 203
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

Subjects

  • analytische chemie
  • analytische
  • grupping
  • instrumentele
  • 3cc
  • karel de grote hogeschool
  • 3c
  • kdg

Written for

  • Karel de Grote-Hogeschool (KdG)
  • Biomedische Laboratoriumtechnologie
  • Analytische chemie & instrumentele analyse C3
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ANALYTISCHE CHEMIE EN
INSTRUMENTELE ANALYSE
THEORIE C3
Samenvatting 2018-2019




Yara Heselmans
3CC

,HOOFDSTUK 1: REDOXPROCESSEN – ELEKTRODEPOTENTIAAL ......................................................... 5

1. OXIDATIE, REDUCTIE, REDOXREACTIE, REDOXKOPPEL................................................................................ 5
1.1 REDOXKOPPEL ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2. KWALITATIEVE STUDIE VAN DE STERKTE VAN REDUCTOREN EN OXIDATOREN .................................................. 6
2.1 METALEN ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 NIET-METALEN ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3. KWANTITATIEVE STUDIE VAN DE STERKTE VAN REDUCTOREN EN OXIDATOREN: DE ELEKTRODEPOTENTIAAL ........... 9
3.1 NORMPOTENTIAAL OF STANDAARDELEKTRODEPOTENTIAAL E° ....................................................................... 9
3.2 DE NERST VERGELIJKING ....................................................................................................................... 11
Aanvulling aan de wet van Nernst: verband tussen E°-waardes........................................................... 13
3.3 FORMELE POTENTIAAL .......................................................................................................................... 16
4. ELEKTROCHEMISCHE CELLEN ............................................................................................................. 16
Galvanische cel...................................................................................................................................... 17
Elektrolyse cel ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Reversiebele chemische cel .................................................................................................................. 18
Irreversiebele chemische cel ................................................................................................................. 18
4.1 NOTATIE ELEKTROCHEMISCHE CEL = CELDIAGRAM...................................................................................... 19
4.2 DANIELL CEL........................................................................................................................................ 21
5. DE BRONSPANNING OF CELPOTENTIAAL VAN EEN ELEKTROCHEMISCHE CEL................................................... 22
6. BEREKENING VAN EVENWICHTSCONSTANTEN VAN REDOXREACTIES............................................................ 26
7. DISMUTATIE OF DISPROPORTIONERING ............................................................................................... 29
8. VISUELE VOORSTELLING VAN REDOXPROCESSEN .................................................................................... 30
8.1 VERDELINGSCOËFFICIENTEN EN VERDELINGSDIAGRAMMEN VOOR REDOXKOPPELS ........................................... 30
Voor zuren en basen (ter verduidelijking)............................................................................................. 30
Voor redoxreacties ................................................................................................................................ 30
8.2 REDOX DOMINATIE DIAGRAMMEN .......................................................................................................... 32
Het redox dominantie gebied voor water ............................................................................................. 34
Opstellen van redox dominantie diagrammen ..................................................................................... 35
8.3 INVLOED VAN DE PH OP REDOX DOMINANTIE DIAGRAMMEN: PH-POTENTIAAL DIAGRAMMEN OF POURBAIX
DIAGRAMMEN ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Algemeen Pourbaix diagram ................................................................................................................. 39

HOOFDSTUK 2: REDOXTITRATIES ................................................................................................... 42

1. EVOLUTIE VAN DE SYSTEEMPOTENTIAALWAARDEN BIJ EEN REDOXTITRATIES ................................................ 42
2. DE REDOXTITRATIECURVE................................................................................................................. 46
3. EINDPUNTSBEPALING BIJ REDOXTITRATIES ........................................................................................... 54
3.1 POTENTIOMETRISCHE BEPALING ............................................................................................................. 54
3.2 ZELFINDICATIE ..................................................................................................................................... 54
3.3 GEBRUIK VAN EEN REDOXINDICATOR........................................................................................................ 54
Specifieke redoxindicatoren ................................................................................................................. 54
Algemene redoxindicatoren.................................................................................................................. 55
4. VOORBEREIDING VAN DE ANALIET-OPLOSSING ...................................................................................... 60
4.1 VOORAFGAANDELIJKE REDUCTIE ............................................................................................................. 60
4.2 VOORAFGAANDELIJKE OXIDATIE .............................................................................................................. 61
5. STANDAARD REDUCTANTIA .............................................................................................................. 62
6. STANDAARD OXIDANTIA .................................................................................................................. 65
7. KARL-FISHER WATERBEPALING .......................................................................................................... 75
EXTRA OEFENINGEN: .......................................................................................................................... 76



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,HOOFDSTUK 3: ELEKTROANALYTISCHE METHODE: INDELING ........................................................ 80

1. BULK METHODES ................................................................................................................................... 80
2. INTERFASE METHODE .............................................................................................................................. 80
Statische technieken ............................................................................................................................. 80
Dynamische technieken ........................................................................................................................ 80

HOOFDSTUK 4: CONDUCTOMETRIE ............................................................................................... 81

1. HET METEN VAN DE GELEIDBAARHEID ................................................................................................. 83
Hoe gebeurt meting nu precies: ........................................................................................................... 84
2. RECHTSTREEKSE CONDUCTOMETRIE .................................................................................................... 84
2.1 BEPALING IONENPRODUCT VAN WATER: KW .............................................................................................. 85
2.2 BEPALING ZUURCONSTANTE VAN EEN ZWAK ZUUR: KA ................................................................................ 85
2.3 BEPALING OPLOSBAARHEIDSPRODUCT KSP VAN EEN WEINIG OPLOSBARE VERBINDING ....................................... 86
3. CONDUCTOMETRISCHE TITRATIES....................................................................................................... 87
3.1 ZUURBASE TITRATIE VAN STERK ZUUR ...................................................................................................... 88
3.2 ZUURBASE TITRATIE VAN EEN ZWAK ZUUR ................................................................................................ 90
3.3 NEERSLAGTITRATIE ............................................................................................................................... 94
3.4 COMPLEXVORMINGSTITRATIE ................................................................................................................. 96
3.5 REDOXTITRATIE ................................................................................................................................... 96
4. CONDUCTOMETRIE BIJ HOGE FREQUENTIE = OSCILLOMETRIE .................................................................... 96

HOOFDSTUK 5: POTENTIOMETRIE ................................................................................................. 97

1. INLEIDING..................................................................................................................................... 97
2. REFERENTIE ELEKTRODES.................................................................................................................. 99
2.1 KALOMEL ELEKTRODE ........................................................................................................................... 99
2.2 ZILVER/ZILVERCHLORIDE ELEKTRODE...................................................................................................... 100
2.3 VERGELIJKING MET SHE ...................................................................................................................... 100
3. INDICATOR ELEKTRODES................................................................................................................. 101
3.1 METALLISCHE INDICATOR ELEKTRODES ................................................................................................... 101
Inerte redox elektrodes ...................................................................................................................... 101
Elektrodes van de eerste soort ........................................................................................................... 101
Elektrodes van de tweede soort ......................................................................................................... 102
Elektrodes van de derde soort ............................................................................................................ 103
3.2 MEMBRAAN ELEKTRODES (ION GEVOELIGE ELEKTRODES = ISE) .................................................................. 109
De pH glas elektrode ........................................................................................................................... 110
Glas elektrodes voor de bepaling van andere kationen dan protonen ............................................... 116
Vloeibare membraan elektrodes en polymeer membraan elektrodes ............................................... 116
Kristallijne membraan elektrodes ....................................................................................................... 117
Elektrode systemen voor moleculen................................................................................................... 118
3.3 ISFET = ION SENSITIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR .................................................................................... 120
4. DE METING VAN CEL POTENTIALEN ................................................................................................... 121
5. RECHTSTREEKSE POTENTIOMETRIE ................................................................................................... 122
5.1 VERGELIJKING VOOR RECHTSTREEKSE POTENTIOMETRIE ............................................................................ 122
5.2 DE ELEKTRODE KALIBRATIE METHODE .................................................................................................... 122
5.3 DE STANDAARD ADDITIE METHODE ....................................................................................................... 123
5.4 POTENTIOMETRISCHE PH BEPALING MET BEHULP VAN EEN GLAS ELEKTRODE ................................................ 125
5.5 TOEPASSING: DE I-STAT DRAAGBARE KLINISCHE ANALYZER. ...................................................................... 125


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, 6. POTENTIOMETRISCHE TITRATIES ...................................................................................................... 126
6.1 EINDPUNTSBEPALING.......................................................................................................................... 126
6.2 POTENTIOMETRISCHE NEERSLAG TITRATIES ............................................................................................. 127
6.3 POTENTIOMETRISCHE COMPLEXVORMING TITRATIES ................................................................................ 127
6.4 POTENTIOMETRISCHE ZUUR BASE TITRATIES ............................................................................................ 127
6.5 POTENTIOMETRISCHE REDOX TITRATIES.................................................................................................. 127

HOOFDSTUK 6: ELEKTROLYSE ...................................................................................................... 128

1. INLEIDING................................................................................................................................... 128
2. IR DROP (IR VAL)......................................................................................................................... 129
3. POLARISATIE ............................................................................................................................... 130
3.1 CONCENTRATIE POLARISATIE ................................................................................................................ 132
Diffusie ................................................................................................................................................ 133
Migratie ............................................................................................................................................... 135
Convectie ............................................................................................................................................ 135
3.2 KINETISCHE POLARISATIE ..................................................................................................................... 136
4. BULK ELEKTROLYSE ....................................................................................................................... 138

HOOFDSTUK 7: ELEKTROGRAVIMETRIE ........................................................................................ 140

1. INLEIDING................................................................................................................................... 140
2. ELEKTROGRAVIMETRIE ZONDER CONTROLE VAN DE POTENTIAAL VAN DE WERKELEKTRODE ............................ 141
3. GECONTROLEERDE POTENTIAAL ELEKTROGRAVIMETRIE OF POTENTIOSTATISCHE ELEKTROGRAVIMETRIE ........... 143

HOOFDSTUK 8: COULOMETRIE .................................................................................................... 148

1. INLEIDING................................................................................................................................... 148
2. POTENTIOSTATISCHE COULOMETRIE ................................................................................................. 149
3. COULOMETRISCHE TITRATIES .......................................................................................................... 151
3.1 NEUTRALISATIE TITRATIES .................................................................................................................... 153
3.2 NEERSLAG- EN COMPLEXVORMINGS TITRATIES ........................................................................................ 153
3.3 REDOX TITRATIES ............................................................................................................................... 154

HOOFDSTUK 9: VOLTAMMETRIE .................................................................................................. 156

1. INLEIDING................................................................................................................................... 156
2. EXCITATIE PATRONEN .................................................................................................................... 156
3. LINEAIRE EXCITATIE....................................................................................................................... 157
3.1 ELEKTRODES IN VOLTAMMETRIE. .......................................................................................................... 157
3.2 VOLTAMMOGRAM ............................................................................................................................. 158
3.3 HYDRODYNAMISCHE VOLTAMMETRIE .................................................................................................... 160
Concentratie profielen ter hoogte van voltammetrische elektrodes gedurende een elektrolyse...... 160
Voltammetrische stromen .................................................................................................................. 165
Verband stroom-spanning voor reversiebele reacties ........................................................................ 166
Verband stroom-spanning voor irreversiebele reacties ..................................................................... 167
Voltammogrammen bij mengsels ....................................................................................................... 168
Anodische en gemengd anodisch/kathodische voltammogrammen.................................................. 169
Zuurstofgolven .................................................................................................................................... 171


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