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PCOL 838 Exam 2 Review (1)
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PCOL 838 Exam 2 ReviewBlood circulation pathway - ANS-↷ Capillaries → Venules→ Veins→ Superior Vena Cava→
Right Atrium→ Tricuspid valve→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary valve→ Pulmonary arteries→
Lungs→ Pulmonary veins→ Left Atrium→ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve→ Left ventricle→ Aortic
valve→ Aorta→ Arteries→ arterioles ↻
Role of blood vessels - ANS-Transport materials
Byproduct removal from tissues
Specialized receptors and messengers on endothelium
Cell Types in blood vessels - ANS-Endothelial cells
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Endothelial cells - ANS-Single layer
Secrete growth regulars and vasoactive substances
Respond to change in blood flow, stretch, circulating substances, inflammatory mediators
Vascular smooth muscle cells - ANS-Blood pressure and hypertension
Arteries - ANS-Carry blood away from heart
Aorta> Large arteries> arterioles
Stretch during systole, recoil during diastole
Main controlling BP vessels
Resistance vessels - ANS-Vasoconstriction> vasodilatory function
Capillaries - ANS-Terminal portion of arterioles
Single layer endothelial cells
Allows transfer of substances
Endothelial cell and solute exchange
vesiclar transport - ANS-Endocytosis of plasma
Movement across endothelial cell cytoplasm
Exocytosis on tissue side
Veins - ANS-Carry blood from the body to the heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Less smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Capacitance vessels
capacitance vessels - ANS-Vasodilatory > vasoconstriction function
, Veins vs Arteries - ANS-Veins have valves that prevent blood flow backwards, especially in the
legs
Lymphatics - ANS-Collect plasma and lymph that have drained from capillaries into interstitial
space
Drain excess fluid in tissues back into vascular system
Eventually drains back into subclavian veins
fluid dynamics - ANS-a set of principles regarding actively flowing fluids
MAP - ANS-mean arterial pressure
CO - ANS-cardiac output
SVR - ANS-systemic vascular resistance
R - ANS-Vessel diameter
MAP= ?SBP + ? DBP - ANS-MAP= 1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP
MAP=? - ANS-MAP = CO x (SVR or R)
Ex: 26 yo male with BP 120/80 - ANS-MAP= (1/3 * 120) + (2/3 * 80)= 93 mmHg
MAP levels to get blood to brain - ANS-60
Blood Flow - ANS-Areas of high pressure to low pressure
Laminar blood flow
laminar blood flow - ANS-type of blood flow not resulting in audible sound; defined by streamline
flow or flow in parallel layers without turbulence
turbulent blood flow - ANS-type of blood flow resulting in audible sound; defined by chaotic flow
due to variations of pressure and velocity
Eddy Current: Swirl of fluid
The Bernoulli Principle states: - ANS-Constriction in blood vessel causes faster flow speed and
drop in pressure
Fluid presence is low in blood vessels at places where radius is low
Turbulence can cause noise sounds like a murmur
Capillary Circulation - ANS-Nutrients leave waste and enter circulation
Starling Force
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