Exam (elaborations)
GNRS 576 Pharmacology - Principles & Legal Considerations (1
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GNRS 576 Pharmacology - Principles & Legal Considerations (1
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Drug - ✅✅-any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organismPharmacology - ✅✅-study or science of drugs
Additive Effects - ✅✅-Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two
or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of
the same drugs given alone.
Adverse Effects - ✅✅ -A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct
response to one or more drugs.
Allergic Reaction - ✅✅ -An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the
unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug
event.
✅✅
Bioavailability - -A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug
and route (from 0% to 100%).
how much of the drug is actually left that is available to systemic circulation
Biotransformation - ✅✅ -One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent
drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or
active.
another term for Biotransformation - ✅✅-metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ✅✅ -The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a
significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions.
Dissolution -✅✅ -The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the
gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.
duration of action -✅✅ -The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood
or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.
First-pass effect -✅✅ -The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the
bloodstream.
✅✅
half-life - -in pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered
dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a
drug to be reduced by 50%
, Onset of action - ✅✅-The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response
after dosing.
what are the pharmacologic principles? - ✅✅-pharmaceutics
pharmacokinetics
pharmacodynamics
pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmaceutics - ✅✅-The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including
dosage form design
simply put: study of how various dosage forms influence the way a drug affects the
body
Pharmacokinetics - ✅✅ -the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put
into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body
simply put: study of what the body does to the drug
Pharmacokinetics consists of these steps: - ✅✅-Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Absorption - ✅✅ -movement of a drug from its site of administration to the
bloodstream where it will be circulated/carried to site of action
Onset of drug action is largely determined by - ✅✅-rate of absorption
First-Pass Effect - ✅✅ -the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from
the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
some of the active drug will be inactivated before it can reach the general circulation
most drugs administered by mouth have _______ bioavailability
✅✅
drugs administered by the intravenous route have _______ bioavailability -
-<100%
100%
what else might influence oral drug absorption? - ✅✅ -food in stomach
presence of other drugs
dosage form (ie enteric coating, slow release capsules)
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