Chapter 4 Russification Russification under Alexander III Anti-Semitism • Many Jews left country, some forcibly expelled
• Finns, Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians lived in • Finnish diet reorganized in 1892, use of Russian • Pale of Settlement created in 1791, around ie. from Kiev, 1886
north of European Russia with distinctive language demanded, postal service abolished, 20% of Russia. Alexander II allowed wealthier • From 1890, foreign Jews began to be deported
national cultures. Much of land in Baltic area Russian coinage replaced their currency. Polish Jews to settle elsewhere until Polish revolt from Russia as well as Russian Jews who had
owned by Lutheran Germans. Catholic Poles and National Bank closed in 1885 + schools + unis had frightened him into withdrawing his settled outside of Pale.
many Jews in West and in south/south-west to teach all subjects in Russian except the Polish concessions + reducing Jews in town govt – • Alexander III’s brother, Grand Duke Sergei
were Ukrainians who considered themselves a language + religion. Polish lit studied in Russian encouraged growth of anti-Semitism. Alexandrovich was made Governor-General in
distinctive nation translation. Alexander III was anti-Semitic, largely on 1892 – forced around 20,000 Jews from city
• Development of national ideology in C19th • Loyal Baltic Germans were subjects of aggressive religious grounds + so was Popedonostev during Passover + closed down a newly built
provoked ethnic groups (incl Russian slavs) to Russification – 1885-89, enforce Russian in all state • Right-wing Russian press helped encourage synagogue
assert their distinctive identities offices, elementary + secondary schools, police + belief that Jews had orchestrated Alexander • Disproportionate no. of Jews towards rev
• Polish nationalism brought rebellion in 1830; judicial system. Uprisings of ethnic people were II’s assassination + real fear of Jewish groups + in particular Marxist socialist
1840s a Finnish language pressure group set up + mercilessly suppressed in Georgia, 1892 involvement in growing opposition movements organisations
local language newspapers were founded in • Adherence to orthodox church encouraged; in • Jewish Pogroms of 1881-84 – the Pale was a
Baltic regions; in Ukraine, the secret Baltic region, 37000 Lutherans converted to ready target for anti-Jewish pogroms that
‘Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius’ Orthodoxy; Polish monasteries closed, from 1883, broke out in April 1881 in the Ukraine – may
provoked a national consciousness that sought to members of non-orthodox churches not allowed to have started due to business competition
separate Ukrainian slavs from Russian build new places of worship; attempts to convert involving Jews but highly probable they were
counterparts member of orthodox church to another faith encouraged by Okhrana using link to the
• Alexander II more concerned with control than punishable by exile to Siberia assassination. Governing authorities did little +
racial superiority – reacted strongly when Polish • Results – June 1888, estimated 332 cases mass the ‘Holy League’ organization which was
rebellion broke out 1863, sending own brother, disturbances in 61/91 Russia’s provinces but supported by Pobedonostev helped to
Viceroy Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich to deal with troubles swiftly curbed; in 51 cases, military coordinate early attacks but it was banned in
it – more than 200,000 Poles joined in creating deployed 1882
an underground National Govt for Poland and • Caused resentment particularly among educated + • Riots caused Jews to flee into Western Europe;
used guerilla warfare against their Imperial wealthy Finns, Poles + Baltic Germans in west – around 16 major cities were effected, with
Masters but were crushed in 1864 national groups constantly petitioned Tsars for Jewish property burnt, shops + business
• Alexander II used concessions as a means of more liberties + secret publications of local destroyed + many incidences of rape + murder
keeping control (granting request in response to language books continued; some ethnic schools • Main breakouts continued into 1884 but still
a demand) – ie through decrees in 1864 + 1875 survived sporadic pogroms after this, as in Odessa in
the Latvians + Estonians were allowed to revert • Supporters of Russification thought they were 1886
to Lutheranism where previously Orthodoxy had acting for Russia’s greater good + it was necessary • May laws of 1882 added to discrimination
been demanded. He allowed Finns to have own to unite country; time of strong nationalistic against Jews – effectively condemned them to
diet (parliament) + tried to maintain good feeling through Europe living in ghettoes in cities + towns – separate
relations with Finnish people • Historian Peter Waldron says it ‘failed to achieve decree of 1882 also decreased no. of Jewish
• Tsars ministers + administrators saw growing its ends’ doctors allowed in army
intolerance of national differences towards end • It drove some of Russia’s wealthier citizens to • 1887 – no. of Jews admitted into schools + unis
of his reign, who were keen to enforce Tsarist emigrate + persuaded others, who might is regulated by quotas: 10% within Pale, 5%
regime – led to prohibition on use of Ukrainian otherwise proved loyal, to join political opposition outside;+ 3% in capitals. 1889 – any Jewish
language in publications or performances in 1876 groups lawyer who wants to become a barrister needs
consent of Minister of Justice. 1892, Jews
banned from local elections
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