This summary poster contains everything needed for A-Level media newspapers! It includes codes and conventions of a newspaper, broadsheet and tabloid, key terminology, theory (Curran and Seaton), ideology, intertextuality, representation, newsworthiness, horizontal and vertical integration and more...
Broadsheet – traditionally aimed at middle class audiences. The word broadsheet Logos – the easiest way for an institution to disseminate Intertextuality – where one media product references another media product
refers to the size of the newspaper (spread the message) as quickly as possible is to have a
Tabloid – aimed at a working-class audience. They are also referred to as a red unique & easily identifiable logo Why is intertextuality used?
top. They are printed on smaller paper • Reliability
Deconstruction of logos – deconstruction (one of the most • Pleasure for the audience to stop intertextual references
Newspaper key terminology important processes of media studies) • Financial reasons – they make money
Barcode – used to scan the newspaper when purchasing. It is an optical, machine-
• It allows a double mode of address – e.g. The Simpsons includes jokes for adults whilst
readable, representation of data & contains info such as price Codes and conventions of a newspaper being a children’s cartoon
Body text – also known as copy. Written material that makes up the main part of -newspapers include more images than other print media • Demonstrates the ideology of the producer
an article -newspapers have a mass market appeal
Byline – line above the story, which gives the author’s name & sometimes job & -include several headlines and different stories
location Ideology – a system of ideals and beliefs but are often used to describe the ways in which those in
-text on the front cover and columns of text/copy
Caption – brief text underneath image describing photograph/graphic power use their power to distort meaning. Ideology can be used to normalise the dominant ideas
-newspapers often feature satire - political humour
Centre spread – photograph, often full colour, that runs across middle two pages of the ruling class.
-can sometimes have long articles
Classified Ad – advertisement that uses text only, opposed to display ad which -newspapers cost money, roughly 60p. but they are cheaper
incorporates graphics Right-wing and left-wing ideologies
than magazines
Edition – some newspapers print several ever night, these are versions with some -right-wing ideologies tend to favour prioritism and left-wing focus on state ownership
-the text of the font is in blocks, neatly organised
changes & maybe additional late stories -right-wing governments focus on lower tax and left-wing on higher tax
-masthead is clear & easy to read
Folio – top label for the whole page. Can relate to an area covered in paper e.g. -right-wing governments focus on the individual and left-wing governments focus on the people
national or big news stories such as Syria, Brexit, Social media -right-wing focus on a free market, you don’t need restrictions on wage
Newsworthiness
Gutter – blank space between margins of facing paces of a publication or the -right-wing don’t believe in a minimum wage and believe it is up to the institution and left-wing
-How worthy something is of being in the front cover, it
blank space between columns of text governments say there needs to be a fixed minimum wage
needs to be a big & exciting main story, people read
Headline – phrase that summarises the main point of the article. Usually large newspapers to escape from their lives, meaning it needs to
print and a different style to catch the attention of the reader The ideology is encoded by the producer. The audience then decode the media product.
be interesting
Lead story – main story, usually a splash -‘if it bleeds, it leads’ – if someone is hurt it will make the
Main image – dominant picture, often filling most of front cover o It allows newspapers to target a specific audience. This means they can target a specific
news
Masthead – title of newspaper, displayed on front page audience for financial reasons. They also persuade/manipulate the audience into
Page furniture – everything on a page, expect pictures or text of stories Hard news – big, believing an ideology. One reason why newspapers manipulate the audience is for their
Page numbers – system of organisation within the newspaper. Helps audience serious news own benefits. It allows producers to construct audiences.
find what they want to read Soft news – news that
Pull quote – something taken from within an article, usually said by the person in doesn’t really affect us
NEWSPAPERS -most newspapers in the UK have right-wing ideology. But, the Daily Mirror is left wing
the main image
Skyline – information panel on the front page that tells the reader about stories in Horizontal integration – where one company buys Media amplification – where a story is Cultivation theory
the paper, tempt them inside different parts of an organisation blown out of proportion -the process of an audience being influenced by
Stand first – block of text that introduces the story, normally in different style to Vertical integration – where an organisation owns the media product
the body text and headline different parts of a production process e.g. Disney Monopoly – where one company owns -a media products provoke a mediated response
Standalone – picture story that can exist on its own or on a front page leading to more than 25% of a sector. The exclusive from audiences
a story Polysemic – multiple meanings ownership or control of something
Target audience – people who the newspaper aims to sell to -not everything has as singular meaning. One of the best Production – the making of the media product
ways of applying media theory is through suggesting two or Bias – favouring one ideology over another
Distribution – the way the media product is given
more possible meanings Agenda – having a particular aim
Broadsheet out. Mostly are given out through digital media.
-in creating a newspaper, producers typically attempt to We live in a digital convergent world
-great emphasis on text/copy How can bias manifest?
avoid polysemic readings. The process of forcing the
-formal – higher reading age -bias through selection and omission
audience to a particular reading is called anchorage
-‘quality’ or ‘serious’ press -bias through placement – more important Representation
-aimed at higher social class groups (A, B, C1) articles at the front and then goes to less -representations are constructed through media
Anchorage- the ‘fixing’ together of a particular meaning to
-plainer layout – little colour on front pages, smaller type face, subtle with important from the producer’s point of view language, visual codes, technical codes, audio codes
a media text, often through the use of captions
possibly smaller images, suggesting readers will make more of an effort to read it -bias by headline and narrative codes
-longer articles, more detailed -bias by photos, captions & camera angles
Power and media industries
-serious headlines -bias through use of names & titles The study of representation looks at:
Curran and Seaton
-more focus on politics, international news -bias through statistics and crown courts • The group, place or issue on which the
-‘diversity ix in the public interest – but modern societies
-bias by source control – where are they media product is focusing on
suffer from collective attention deficit disorders (…) the
Tabloid getting the information from? • The technical devices the media text
public interest has to work harder to be noticed, and we
-more gossip, soft news -word choice & tone uses in order to present these
need to agile but resourceful media to do that’ – Curran
-‘popular’ press groups/issues
and Seaton
-aimed at lower social groups (C2, D, E) • The message about the group or issue
-bold layout – e.g. colour on the masthead, very bold typeface, easy to read – with being created within the text
Industry – something that makes something
large, dramatic pictures Institution – has its own unique selling point or • The impact of this message on the target
-shorter articles ideology audience
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