BIOL 1902 Exam Questions With Verified Answers

BIOL 1902 Exam Questions With Verified Answers Batesian Mimicry vs. Mullerian Mimicry - answerBatesian: model and mimic Mullerian: all toxic, unrelated groupings Thanatosis - answerplaying dead Why do white tail deer and rabbits stick up their tail when running from a predator? - answer1 - distracting predators so they'll trip or smth 2 - warning others of danger 3 - telling the predator to give up bc they've been noticed tapetum lucidum - answerLayer of cells at back of nocturnal eyes to capture more light Mixed species flock vs single species flock - answerSingle species: abundant food sources Mixed species: different less available food sources Thistle - answerModified leaves, have spine, ex. Cacti Thorns - answermodified branches, analogous to porcupine quills Prickles - answerModified hairs, prickly ash shrub may be prickles or thistles Trichomes - answerModified plant hairs loaded a chemicals usually Digestibility reducers - answerCellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, silica Calcium oxalate crystals - answerCause burning sensation when eaten, ex. Arum plants Terpenoids v alkaloids - answerTerpenoids are bitter, no nitrogen Alkaloids contain nitrogen, can bind to digestive system Astringency - answerBitter taste, ex. Tannin Constitutive defence - answerAlways present Example of inducible defence - answerBlack cherry leaves Phytohormones - answerDefence call in a plant; josmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid Mammal thermogenesis and insulation layers - answerGuard hair;underfur;subcutaneous fat;brown fat Bird insulations and thermogenesis layers - answerContour feathers;down;subcutaneous fat Gloger's Rule - answerWhite animals are more common in cold climates/north of the equator Allen's rule - answerSmall extremities + big bod = best heat retention Bergmann's Rule - answerThe principle that an animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments. AKA low surface area: volume ratio is best (polar bears not a shrew) (100:90 is better than 1000:50) Best winter bird roost site - answerConiferous trees (retain needles) w snow What animals, beside woodpeckers, sleep in tree cavities? - answerSmall owls, black capped chickadees, huddles of flying squirrels and raccoons respectively Where does the ruffled grouse sleep in winter - answerSnow bed Who basks awake and who basks asleep - answerBoreal owl: asleep Ruffled grouse: awake torpor - answerDeep sleep that conserves heat but wake up throughout winter; black cap chickadees wake up at 12C to shiver; chipmunks Lethargy - answerLow body temp and heart rate goes to deep sleep; awaken on warm days (raccoons, skunks, porcupines) Hibernation - answerLong term torpor, only wake up once or twice to heat up; groundhog, jumping mice hibernaculum v. Subnivean space - answerSubnivean: between the ground and the snow Hibernaculum: crevices below the frost line (snakes, reptiles) Glycerol - answerAnti-freeze, cryoprotectant, Supercooling v freeze tolerance - answerSupercooling: no freeze forms bc of antifreeze Freeze tolerance: ice nucleating sites encouraged by proteins, antifreeze inside cells toboggan - answerOtters sliding on their bellies Other than birds, who migrated? - answerMonarch butterflies, red bats, common green darter dragonflies