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Social Medical Anthropology With Complete Solutions
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Social Medical Anthropology With CompleteSolutions
Social medical anthropology definition - correct answers Factors that contribute to
health, disease and illness.
The human experience of health and dealing with disease and illness.
A subfield of anthropology drawing upon social, cultural, biological and linguistic
anthropology to better understand those factors influencing health and wellbeing,
experience/distribution of illness, prevention/treatment of sickness, healing
processes, social relations of therapy management, the cultural importance and
utilisation of pluralistic medical systems.
Ethnomedicine - correct answers Those beliefs and practices relating to a disease
which are products of indigenous cultural development and not explicitly derived
from the conceptual framework of modern medicine. Biomedicine is a type of ___
Culture-bound syndromes - correct answers Recurrent, locality-specific patterns of
aberrant behaviour and experience that fall outside of conventional Western
psychiatric diagnosis categories. E.g. hikikomari, Japan (reclusiveness); Arctic
hysteria (women performing dangerous/irrational acts and then amensia about
them); Koro, China (genital retraction anxiety). Western __ include anorexia, road
rage, flashing.
Disease - correct answers Definition of a health problem by a medical expert. __
are abnormalities in the structure and function of body organs and systems.
Biomedicine diagnoses and treats __.
,Illness - correct answers Definition of a health problem by a patient. Experiences of
disvalued changes in states of being and in social function (Eisenberg, 1977).
People have illnesses, organs have disease. Cassel, 1976 - illness is what a patient
feels on the way to doctors; disease is what he has on the way home. From
independence to dependence. Influenced by social and economic factors. CF
suffers all have the same disease, but their illness differs.
Sickness - correct answers Definition of a social role attached to a health problem
by society at large. Either: the total sum of disease and illness in an individual
person... or... a process for socialising disease and illness, a process whereby
worrisome behavioural and biology signs are given socially recognisable meanings
(Young, 1982). The social dimensions and response to ill health, e.g. patient's
associations, fundraising for research, stigma, discrimination.
Homosexuality as a disease - correct answers Removed from DSM-III in 1980, in
ICD-10 until 1992. Negative consequences of treating it as an illness and
treatments to eradicate it.
Medical ecology - correct answers Ecological determinants of disease and suffering
- natural environment, social environment, systems, adaptation. Social
determinants of health, e.g. age, sex -> individual lifestyle factors -> social and
community networks -> living and working conditions -> general socioeconomic,
cultural, environmental conditions.
Cultural interpretative theory - correct answers Semantic determinants of disease
and suffering - culture, interpretation, social construction. Non western and folk
,medical systems regarded as 'belief' and discredited. How healers and physicians
enter and inhabit distinct worlds of meaning and experience.
Critical medical anthropology - correct answers Political economic determinants of
disease and suffering - power, resistance, global systems, ethnics and rights.
Effects of social inequality on health. Uses critical theory and ethnographic
methods to look at health in specific contexts, including effects of social inequality
on health.
Foster and Anderson definition of health system - correct answers All the health-
promoting beliefs and actions and scientific knowledge and skills of the members
of the group that subscribe to the system
Kleinman definition of health system - correct answers Patterns of belief about the
causes of illness, norms governing choice and evaluation of treatment, socially
legitimised statuses, roles, power relationships, interaction settings and
institutions.
Russell, 2009 definition of a health system - correct answers The sum total of the
institutions and practices through which individuals, families, communities and
society maintain and improve health and deal with ill health.
Popular sector - correct answers Lay, informal. Ill health first recognised here and
defined, health-care activities initiated. Includes all therapeutic options without
payment or consulting folk healers or medical practitioners.
, Options: self treatment, advice/treatment by friend, healing/mutual care activities
in religious/self-help group, consultation with another layperson with special
experience of disorder and treatment.
70-90% of all healthcare takes place in this sector. Mostly provided by women,
family, older people. 14% of people over 16 look after ill, old, disabled person
regularly. Form cults of affliction, self-help groups, therapeutic communities.
Zar cult of affliction (Lewis, 1977) - correct answers Hysteria in women,
peripheralisation and deprivation. In Zar, music evokes trance dancing. Women
possessed by spirit and heal others. Gender relationships in East Africa and Middle
East - feel restricted but cult allows outlet. Controlled and uncontrolled power in
society.
Folk sector - correct answers Alternative, complementary medicine. Not part of
'official' system. Secular/technical/sacred experts. Specialised skill - innate,
revelation or apprenticeship. UK - Complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM), ROW - traditional medicine. Becoming more professionalised,
licenses/exams. Options include acupuncture, chirpractic, aromatherapy etc. Amrit
Kalash and Down's syndrome.
Professional sector - correct answers Scientific, biomedical, orthodox. All medical
and paramedical organisations organised into one legally sanctioned healing
system such as Western biomedicine. Community care, primary care and NHS
direct, secondary care, tertiary care (superhospitals, cancer care).
Biomedicine as a cultural system - correct answers Cure focused model: physical
cause -> disease -> diagnosis -> treatment (cure). Varies cross-culturally and intra-
culturally. Technological imperative - people want something 'done' to them.
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