AMR Exam 1 UF Exam Questions and Answers (Graded A)
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER-The ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it
Antibiotics purpose - ANSWER-Kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
What does MRSA stand for? - ANSWER-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
One bacteri_____, two bacteri_____, many bacteri_____ - ANSWER-Bacterium, bacteria, bacteria
Candida - ANSWER-Opportunistic pathogen that lives in the human body, serious antifungal-resistant strains have begun to emerge. Leading cause of healthcare associated bloodstream infections in US hospitals
Leading cause of healthcare associated bloodstream infections in US hospitals - ANSWER-Candida fungus
Example of antiparasitic drug resistance - ANSWER-Malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, develops resistance to antimalarial drugs and poses a serious threat to humans, taking over half a million lives annually around the world.
Pesticide resistance examples - ANSWER-Mosquitos develop resistance to pesticides, making population control difficult
Antiviral agent resistance examples - ANSWER-Influenza virus mutates constantly, new
vaccine needs to be released every year
Resistance in humans - ANSWER-Cancer cells beginning to resist chemotheraputic agents
Herbicide agent resistance - ANSWER-Waterhemp is invasive weed that has developed
resistance to most commercially available herbicidal agents
How does Antibiotic Resistance develop? - ANSWER-- Within a normal population of bacteria, some may be already carrying resistance to a given antibiotic. Who was the first person to treat people with penicillin mold? - ANSWER-Cecil George Paine Who was the first to isolate penicillin active compound from mold? Who was instrumental in the purification of penicillin from penicillin mold. - ANSWER-Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER-Thick layer exposed to environment, more accesible to beta-lactams
Penicillin G - ANSWER-Natural enicillin, AKA benzyl penicillin. Delivered intravenously or intramuscularly. Even when injected into muscle, is still excreted within 6 hours from injection
The father of antibiotics, coined definition of antibiotics and discovered over 15 of them -
ANSWER-Selman Waksman
Waksman's definition of antibiotics - ANSWER-Microbial product that kills or inhibits the growth of other microbes.
- In the presence of that particular antibiotic, all drug-sensitive cells are killed. -But the ones that are persistent and further divide and pass resistance to other cells from different species, giving rise to drug-resistant population
The CDC estimates that antibiotic resistance causes at least ______ infections annually, claiming _______ deaths in the United States alone. - ANSWER-2 million, 23,000
Data show that most antibiotic resistant infections happen in ________, and these are called _____________ - ANSWER-General community, community-acquired bacterial infections
Most deaths related to antibiotic resistance happen in __________ settings, and these infections are known as ________ - ANSWER-Health care, nosocomial or hospital-
acquired infections (HAIs)
Since 2013, have illnesses and deaths related to AMR increased or decreased? - ANSWER-Increased
True or false: you have a greater chance of dying from COVID-19 than from ABR infections - ANSWER-False, lower chance
Adjusted to the total population, the US has about _________ times more deaths from AMR than in europe - ANSWER-two
In the US, _____ percent of all lethal infections were due to bacteria resistant to last reserve antibiotics - ANSWER-39 CDC AMR Threats Report 2019 - ANSWER-Stop referring to a post-antibiotic era, its already here
Stop playing the blame game
Stop only relying on new antibiotics
Stop believing antibiotic resistance is a prooblem "over there"
AMR leads to ______ hospital stays, _______ medical costs and _________ mortality - ANSWER-Longer, increased, increased
Who can AMR affect? - ANSWER-Anyone of any age in any country
True or false: AMR is one of the biggest threats to global health and food security today - ANSWER-True
True or false: the number of bacterial infections has increased over time - ANSWER-
False, but the number of antibiotic resistant infections has increased
Consequences of antibiotic resistance - ANSWER-Prolonged hospital stays lead to increased costs and family problems (mental health issues such as anxiety, taking time off work, etc).
Why does antibiotic resistance lead to higher medical costs? - ANSWER-Failure of initial treatment due to resistance could lead to treatment with stronger antibiotics that are more $$$$
True or false: the development of novel antibiotics has increased recently - ANSWER-
False
Antibiotic resistance emerges due to the _________________ of antibiotics - ANSWER-
Use, underuse, and overuse
Sulfonamides and AMR - ANSWER-Sulfonamides were first used in 1930s to treat gonoccocal STIs, in 40s gained reistance and were replaced with penicillins, new classes of drugs discovered in 50s and 60s but then in 80s they gained reisstance to penicillin and tetracycline.
Replaced by fluorouqinolones in 90s, by 2007, were replaced with cehalosporins, in 2012 cephalosporins no longer effective. Now cocktail is used but resistant strains have emerged
Average time from the introduction of an antibiotic to resistance - ANSWER-8 years
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