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Disclaimer:
This is totally my interpretation of what was important in the
articles and what was less relevant to study. I do recommend
you read the articles yourself, and use this to study.
Page 12: Tackling maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: From neural to
clinical science - Elsey & Kindt (2017)
Page 15: Is depression an Adaptation? Nesse (2000)
Page 17: Genotype-environment correlations: implications for determining the
relationship between environmental exposures and psychiatric illness -
Jaffee & Price (2008)
Page 18: The subjective experience of emotion: a fearful view - LeDoux & Hofmann
(2018)
Page 20: Social anxiety disorder: a critical overview of
neurocognitive research - Cremers & Roelofs (2016)
page 23: Why zebras don’t get ulcers - Sapolsky (2004)
page 27: Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review
and meta-analysis - Zorn (2017)
2
, Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology
The evidence-based practice movement has become an important feature of health care
systems and health care policy.
Introduction
Psychologists have been deeply and uniquely associated with an evidence-based
approach to patient care. As early as 1947, the idea that doctoral psychologists should
be trained as both scientists and practitioners became American Psychological
Association (APA) policy. Thus, psychologists have been on the forefront of the
development of evidence-based practice for decades. The use and misuse of evidence-
based principles in the practice of health care has affected the dissemination of health
care funds, but not always to the benefit of the patient. One approach to implementing
evidence-based practice in health care systems has been through the development of
guidelines for best practice.
The evidence base for any psychological intervention should be evaluated in terms of two
separate dimensions:
Efficacy: the dimension of efficacy lays out criteria for the evaluation of the
strength of evidence pertaining to establishing causal relationships between
interventions and disorders under treatment.
Clinical utility: the clinical utility dimension includes a consideration of available
research evidence and clinical consensus regarding the generalizability, feasibility,
and costs and benefits of interventions.
Psychologists have been particularly concerned about widely disseminated practice
guidelines that recommend the use of medications over psychological interventions in
the absence of data supporting such recommendations. A perception existed in many
corners of the health delivery system that psychological treatments for particular
disorders were either ineffective or inferior to pharmacological treatment. A report
reacting to this increased recognition of demonstrably effective psychological treatments.
At the same time, many psychologists raised concerns about the exclusive focus on
brief, manualized treatments. The goal of evidence-based practice initiatives to improve
quality and cost-effectiveness and to enhance accountability are laudable and broadly
supported within psychology, although empirical evidence of system-wide improvements
following their implementation is still limited.
Definition
A couple of definitions used in this article:
Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP): the integration of the best
available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics,
culture, and preferences. This definition closely parallels the evidence-based
practice definition adopted by the Institute of Medicine. The purpose of EBPP is to
promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health by applying
empirically supported principles of psychological assessment, case formulation,
therapeutic relationship, and intervention.
Intervention: refers to all direct services rendered by health care psychologists,
including assessment, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, psychotherapy, and
consultation.
Settings: include but are not limited to hospitals, clinics, independent practices,
school, military institutions, public health institutions, rehabilitation institutes,
primary care centers, counseling centers, and nursing homes.
3
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