NSG 533 Exam 3 Questions With Verified
Answers
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - answer- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - answer- do not have HF, but
at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, funct...
NSG 533 Exam 3 Questions With Verified Answers Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - answer✔✔- At-risk for HF - Pre HF - HF - Advanced HF according to the universal definition, what is "at -risk for HF"? - answer✔✔- do not have HF, but at risk - no current or prior s/s - no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - answer✔✔- clinical syndrome - current or prior s/s of HF - caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality - elevated natriuretic peptide levels - evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion who is most at risk for HF - answer✔✔black males and females; older women two biggest causes of HF - answer✔✔1. ischemic heart disease (CAD) 2. HTN calculate EF - answer✔✔SV/LVEDV synonym for inotropy - answer✔✔contraction (HFrEF) synonym for lusitropy - answer✔✔relaxation (HFpEF) two organizations for classificatio n of HF - answer✔✔1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure 2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity limitations how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - answer✔✔cardiac dys function has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF compensatory mechanisms for HF - answer✔✔1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to i ncrease contractility (long -term can cause mortality) 2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction) 3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction) two types of angiotensin II - answer✔✔1. circulating 2. tissue -derived effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - answer✔✔- causes vasoconstriction - increases secretion of ADH - increase aldosterone secretion - increases sodium reabsorption are aldoste rone levels high or low in HF? - answer✔✔20x higher than normal effects of aldosterone on HF - answer✔✔- increases sodium and water reabsorption - decreased potassium and magnesium - decreased baroreceptor reflex - sympathetic activation list the comprehe nsive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - answer✔✔- dyslipidemia - genetic studies - modifiable risk factors - non-modifiable risk factors - novel risk factors what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? - answer✔✔1. beta blocker (to counter SNS) 2. ACEi (to counter RAAS) what hormones worsen HF - answer✔✔- Angiontensin II (RAAS) - catecholamines (SNS) - endothelin - aldosterone hormones that are good for HF - answer✔✔- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) - adrenm edullin - bradykinin - nitric oxide types of ventricular remodeling - answer✔✔- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too stiff, HFpEF) - eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF) blood flow of the heart from right side to left side - answer✔✔1. deoxygenated blood from the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava 2. right atrium 3. tricuspid valve 4. right ventricle 5. pulmonary valve 6. pulmonary artery 7. lungs wher e blood is oxygenated 8. pulmonary veins 9. left atrium 10. mitral/bicuspid valve 11. left ventricle 12. aortic valve 13. aorta 14. oxygenated blood to the systemic system s/s right sided HF - answer✔✔- jugular vein distension
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