NU 621 Advanced Pathophysiology UPDATED FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2024 1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following pathophysiological changes is most likely to occur in an elderly patient with chronic heart failure? A) Left ventricular hypertrophy B) Decreased cardiac output C) Increased ejection fraction D) Reduced systemic vascular resistance Correct Answer : B) Decreased cardiac output Rationale: Chronic heart fa ilure in elderly patients typically leads to decreased cardiac output due to the heart's reduced ability to pump blood effectively. 2. True/False: In adult gerontology, the presence of kyphosis is a normal physiological change associated with aging. Answer: True Rationale: Kyphosis, or a forward curvature of the spine, is a common change in the skeletal system of older adults. 3. Fill -in-the-Blank: The most common cause of community -acquired pneumonia in the elderly is __________. Correct Answer : Streptococcus pneumoniae Rationale: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia in older adults, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Multiple Choice Which of the following is a hallmark manifestation of a cute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? A. Bradycardia B. Hypernatremia C. Hypoxemia D. Hypokalemia Correct Answer : C. Hypoxemia Rationale: Hypoxemia is a classic feature of ARDS due to impaired gas exchange in the lu ngs. Fill-in-the-Blank In sepsis, the body's response to infection triggers a systemic inflammatory response that can lead to _. Correct Answer : Organ dysfunction Rationale: Sepsis -induced inflammation can impair organ function, leading to organ dysfunction and failure. True/False True or False: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. Correct Answer : False Rationale: COPD involves progressive and irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation in the airways.
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