These notes include schizophrenia, affective disorders (depression & mania), brain pathology and bipolar affect disorder, diathesis - stress model of depression, anxiety disorders, neural bases of anxiety and tourette syndrome.
CHAPTER 18 - BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
➔ Disorders of Psychological function that ➔ Depression - normal reaction to loss,
require treatment. abnormal when it persists or has no cause.
➔ Diagnosis is guided by the DSM of the APA. ➔ Mania - overconfidence, impulsivity,
➔ Psychosomatic - not due to physical distractibility, and high energy.
disease but due to psychological
manifestations. Major Categories
➔ Social dysfunctioning - isolation, socially
distant to people. Affective Disorders
➔ Psychiatric disorders characterized by
SCHIZOPHRENIA disturbances of mood or emotion.
➔ Also known as mood disorders.
➔ To include depression and mania
➔ known as “Splitting of the psychic functions.” Type of Depressions
➔ Breakdown of integration of emotion, ➔ Unipolar or Bipolar
thought, and actions.
Etiological/Causative Factors
SYMPTOMS ➔ Affective disorders are very common.
◆ 5% suffer from unipolar AD
➔ There are variations of schizophrenia, not all ◆ 1% suffer from bipolar AD
symptoms need to be present. ➔ Genetics - concordance rates for bipolar are
➔ Delusions, hallucinations, odd behavior,
higher.
incoherent thought, & inappropriate affect.
➔ Stressful experiences - evidence linking
◆ Odd behavior - behavior that is
outside the norm. stress and AD is sparse.
◆ Inappropriate affect - an example ◆ Extreme stress is more likely to
could be when there’s bad news, cause PTSD or depression.
they laugh. ➔ Seasonal Affective Depression
◆ Climate time depression and
lethargy.
◆ Probably due to reduction of
ETIOLOGICAL/CAUSATIVE FACTORS IN sunlight
SCHIZOPHRENIA
➔ Evidence for a genetic contribution. Treatment For Affective Disorders
◆ Inherit increased risk for the
disorder.
➔ Exercise
➔ Multiple causes
◆ Reduces depression
◆ Chromosomes implicated
◆ Increases adult hippocampal
◆ Associated with various early
neurogenesis.
causes:
● Findings suggest that
● Infections
depression may be caused
● Autoimmune reactions
by reduced adult
● Toxins
hippocampal
● Traumatic injury
neurogenesis.
● Stress
Discovery Of Antidepressant Drugs
CAUSES
➔ Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -
➔ Interference with normal development of Iproniazid
susceptible individuals may lead to ◆ Prevent breakdown of
development of the disorder. monoamines.
◆ Must avoid foods high in tyramine,
“cheese effect”.
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