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Notes/summary lecture 5 - Risk behavior
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College 5 - Risk behaviorIndividual vulnerability for risk behavior and addiction
1. From risk behavior to addiction
Individual vulnerability (individual availability of internal useful coping
mechanisms) → Risk behavior (behavioral patterns that can lead to
compulsive behavior) → addiction (when the negative risk behavior is not
being solved or stopped or becoming less over time and therefore
becoming negative to your health outcome and increases the chance to
become addictive behavior).
2. Important theories.
3. Individual differences.
Divided in four parts:
1. Genetic vulnerability
2. Personality as vulnerability
3. Psychosocial and psychiatric disorders as vulnerability
4. Negative life events as vulnerability
Learning theoretical models
Important scientists:
- Pavlov (1849-1936): Classical conditioning.
Experiment with a dog and food. Every time the dog gets food the bell is being
ringed, bell is a conditioned stimulus, the dog is drooling because of the food, the bell
comes with that, so eventually the dog starts to drool when only hearing the bell.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = beer or in the dog experiment, it is the food.
Unconditioned response (UR) = time to relax/feeling happy or in the dog experiment,
it is the fulfillment of eating.
Conditioned stimulus (CS) (paired stimulus) = a bar, or in the dog experiment, the
bell.
- Thorndike (1874-1949): Law of effect.
Actions that have a beneficial effect will be repeated in the same situation under the
same conditions. A cat that is rewarded for certain behavior, will repeat this behavior
in the same situation. Positive outcomes therefore lead to learning certain behavior.
- Watson (1878-1956): School of behaviorism
- Skinner (1904-1990): Operant conditioning.
When there is a beneficial outcome, behaviour will be repeated. Therefore you have
positive or negative reinforcers that will give a positive outcome to certain behavior,
like a reward. That way you will be rewarded for certain behavior and this positive
outcome will make you repeat that certain behavior. The other way around we have
positive or negative punishment, like a positive punishment that will make certain
behavior have a negative outcome since it is followed by punishment. Therefore the
behavior is unlikely to be repeated. Behavior is changed according to the
consequences.
Two types of reinforcers and two types of punishment:
In reinforcing: Positive: adding something “good” (money, chocolat)
Negative: removing something “bad” (no homework)
, In punishment: Positive: adding something “bad” (electric shock, spraying water)
Negative: removing something “good” (no dessert)
- Bandura (1925-): Social learning/modelling
Social learning theory Combination of behavior and cognition We learn by observing
others. We see others smoking/drinking o.i.d. and we model that behavior.
Relation with risk behavior and addiction
1) law of effect > (risky) behavior will be repeated when the consequence is beneficial.
2) conditioning > certain situations or environments are associated with engagement in risk
behavior.
3) operant conditioning might increase risk taking by rewarding consequences (feeling
happy, meeting new friends, peer status).
4) modeling risk behavior of others.
Learning models have influenced current theories of addiction.
Learning models describe how habits and behavioral patterns develop that underlie and
precede addictive behavior.
4. Individual differences
Certain personalities are more heavily influenced by reinforcements. They can feel more
reward after engaging in certain behavior and therefore are more likely to engage in risk like
behavior that has a high rush or positive dopamine kick as effect.
Individual vulnerability for risk behavior and addiction
1. Genetic vulnerability
2. Personality as vulnerability
3. Psycosocial and psychiatric disorders as vulnerability
4. Negative life events as vulnerability
These individual risk factors are strongly associated with each other!
Addiction if often multicondtional: a combination of these vulnerabilities.
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