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Notes/summary lecture 6 - Risk behavior
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College 6 - Risk behaviorPART 1: (Inter)national policies and young people’s substance use.
Theories about what substance use is normal/what experimentation with risk behavior is
normal and when it would be seen as concerning or abnormal or dangerous behavior.
Adolescence is usually a time in where youngsters: distance themselves from their parents,
intensify their contacts with peers and experiment with adult-like behavior.
The maturity gap (Moffitt, 1993, 2006). physically mature: having your period, being fertile,
but not yet accepted in society as mature individuals. (Not yet aloud to drink or drive).
Balanced view Adolescents need to find a way between:
- Learning to deal with increasing autonomy.
- Preventing negative consequences of experimental behaviors.
→ This is a challenge for adolescents, parents and societies as a whole.
Today:
- International differences and recent trends in young people’s substance use: how to
explain?
- How can parents and governments regulate young people’s substance use (if at all)?
Goal of comparing (national) alcohol policies by Alcohol Policy Index so they can explain and
link the alcohol usage in adolescents to alcohol policies and study the differences. They
studied this by using four different indicators:
1. Availability: At what age are you aloud to buy and drink alcohol? And how easy is it to
get alcohol when you are under the legal drinking age (how is the law enforcement?)
Different topics and policies per country for each topic such as: are there specific times or
specific stores only where you can buy alcohol?
2. Price: Standardized prices, see how this relates to drinking behavior of adolescents.
3. Drinking context (cultural norms): Community mobilization programs to increase public
awareness of, and prevent alcohol problems (policies: yes or no per country), the norms
adults set for alcohol usage.
4. Alcohol advertising: Number of different media (print, broadcast, billboards) with
advertising restrictions per country.
If the price is being increased and the availability is low, the weekly drinking of adolescents
becomes lower. The links between the drinking behavior of adolescents and alcohol
advertising and drinking context are more indirect or differ per research in effects.
Paschall et al. (2009) found that some of the effects of the availability and price is being
mediated by adult drinking behaviors: higher price standard in a specific country, adults are
less likely to drink/drink less and therefore adolescents are influenced to drink less as well.
So the effect is mediated by adult drinking prevalence.
Drinking cultures:
Intoxication cultures: UK, Ireland, Scandinavia: “drinking a lot, being drunk is accepted”.
, Drunkenness is the goal. Not drinking often, but drinking a lot.
Non-intoxication cultures: Portugal, France: “we drink to savour the flavours and
to enhance our food”. Getting drunk is not accepted. Enjoying a glass of wine is
the goal → so not drinking a lot but drinking often. Not considered a risk
behavior.
Explained by several factors:
90’s: drinking norms, in the 90’s it was completely normal to drink together with your parents
for the first time. So it was seen as “supervised” experimentation. Also increased wealth, so
young people had more money. Upcoming of specific drinks for youngsters, like Breezers.
2003: Dutch youth are the most often wasted of all the youngsters in Europe.
Early 21st century: new trends in advertising targeting parenting, spreading the message: it’s
harmful, set rules! (at least up until age 16) and talk with your child!
2014: Legal drinking age 16 → 18. Social norms campaign: NIX. No smoking and
no drinking.
Parental changes: alcohol-specific parenting practices 2007-2015:
“I definitely do not allow my child to drink alcohol” (child under 16): 2007: 26% and 2015:
60%.
While these policies were being implemented, different evolvements were also happening in
the society. Such as the publication of alcohol research in newspapers and in the news. The
availability of this new information and visibility could also affect these trends.
So how can we know if these policy are successful?
Next week: how to evaluate prevention programs?
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