This document is made by me (a student). Take note that the contents of this reviewer is taken from class, presentations and research I made. This covers all the lessons discussed for the Final examinations.
Developmental Psychology 2. Motor Skills:
• Refinement and coordination: Motor skills
Finals Reviewer become smoother and more coordinated as the
nervous system matures.
Lesson 5: Physical and Cognitive • Gender differences: Boys may excel in gross
motor skills like running and jumping, while girls
Development in Middle and Late Childhood may show better fine motor skills like writing and
drawing. This is partly due to myelination, the
Physical changes and health process where nerve fibers are insulated for faster
transmission of signals.
1. Growth Patterns:
• Slower and steadier growth: Compared to earlier
3. Brain Development:
years, growth slows down to a rate of around 4-6 • Two major growth spurts: The brain undergoes
pounds per year and 2-3 inches per year. significant development during middle and late
childhood. Between ages 6-8, there's a focus on
fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination. Later,
• Prepubescent growth spurt: Towards the end of
between 10-12, the frontal lobes develop further,
middle childhood, children experience a
leading to improvements in logic, planning,
prepubescent growth spurt. This happens earlier in
memory, and emotional control.
girls (around age 9-10) than in boys (around age
11-12). This can lead to girls being taller than boys
at the end of this period. 4. Health Considerations:
• Injuries: Injuries, often from falls, bike accidents,
• Body composition: Children tend to slim down or sports, are the leading cause of death during
during this time, with a decrease in body fat this age group.
percentage and an increase in muscle strength
and lung capacity. This improved physical capacity • Weight concerns: Overweight and obesity are
allows them to engage in more strenuous activities becoming increasingly common issues. Genetics
for longer periods. and environment both play a role, with factors like
diet, physical activity levels, and family history
influencing weight.
, Caringal, Kathleen AY 2023-2024
• Healthy habits: Establishing healthy habits like
regular exercise and a balanced diet during this
time is crucial for long-term health and well-being. Cognitive changes
1. Information Processing:
Different types of disabilities
• Increased Working Memory: Working memory,
1. Learning Disabilities (LD): These are
the ability to hold and manipulate information in
neurodevelopmental disorders that affect specific areas
the short term, improves significantly. This allows
of learning despite normal intelligence. Common types
children to handle more complex tasks and follow
include:
multi-step instructions.
• Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading fluency and
• Enhanced Attention: Children become better at
comprehension.
focusing their attention, filtering out distractions,
• Dysgraphia: Difficulty with written expression, and sustaining focus for longer periods.
including spelling and handwriting.
• Dyscalculia: Difficulty with math concepts and • Development of Memory Strategies: Children
calculations. learn strategies to improve their memory, such as
organization, repetition, and mnemonic devices.
2. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
Children with ADHD struggle with focus, hyperactivity,
2. Thinking Skills:
and impulsivity.
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): ASD is • Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget): According
characterized by challenges with social interaction, to Jean Piaget, children in this stage (ages 7-11)
communication, and repetitive behaviors. transition from preoperational to concrete
operational thought. They develop the ability to
think logically about concrete objects and
situations.
4. Intellectual Disability (ID): Characterized by significant
- Reversibility: They understand that actions
limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive
can be reversed (e.g., water poured from a cup
behavior.
can be poured back in).
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